Difference between revisions of "Heart autopsy"

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'''[[Autopsy]]''' of the '''[[heart]]''':
 
'''[[Autopsy]]''' of the '''[[heart]]''':
{{Autopsy - comprehensiveness}}
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{{Autopsy - comprehensiveness|otherlegend=yes}}
 
{{Heart - standard autopsy cutting|coronary note= ''More details in section below.''|header=
 
{{Heart - standard autopsy cutting|coronary note= ''More details in section below.''|header=
 
==Autopsy cutting checklist==
 
==Autopsy cutting checklist==
 
}}
 
}}
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
+
In case of suspected infarction, see '''[[autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''.
|+ Left ventricular hyperthophy grading<br> by posterior wall thickness<ref name="GolandCzer2008">{{cite journal|last1=Goland|first1=Sorel|last2=Czer|first2=Lawrence S.C.|last3=Kass|first3=Robert M.|last4=Siegel|first4=Robert J.|last5=Mirocha|first5=James|last6=De Robertis|first6=Michele A.|last7=Lee|first7=Jason|last8=Raissi|first8=Sharo|last9=Cheng|first9=Wen|last10=Fontana|first10=Gregory|last11=Trento|first11=Alfredo|title=Use of Cardiac Allografts With Mild and Moderate Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Can Be Safely Used in Heart Transplantation to Expand the Donor Pool|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=51|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1214–1220|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.052}}</ref>
+
 
|-
+
For left ventricular wall thickness, an arbitrary limit of 15 mm is sometimes used to distinguish normal from wall thickening.<ref group=notes>The limit is different from those measured in life by medical imaging, because the left ventricular thicknesses are generally 3-5 mm thicker at autopsy than during life. In comparison, the average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men on MRI, using the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level.<br>- {{cite journal|last1=Kawel|first1=Nadine|last2=Turkbey|first2=Evrim B.|last3=Carr|first3=J. Jeffrey|last4=Eng|first4=John|last5=Gomes|first5=Antoinette S.|last6=Hundley|first6=W. Gregory|last7=Johnson|first7=Craig|last8=Masri|first8=Sofia C.|last9=Prince|first9=Martin R.|last10=van der Geest|first10=Rob J.|last11=Lima|first11=João A.C.|last12=Bluemke|first12=David A.|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging|volume=5|issue=4|year=2012|pages=500–508|issn=1941-9651|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>
| Mild  || 12 to 13 mm
+
<gallery heights=190 widths=350px>
|-
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File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle '''infarction'''.
| Moderate || >13 to 17 mm
+
File:Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy.jpg|Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.
|-
 
| Severe || >17 mm
 
|}
 
The average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men.<ref group="notes">The numbers for the average thickness of the left ventricle are the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level</ref><ref name="KawelTurkbey2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kawel|first1=Nadine|last2=Turkbey|first2=Evrim B.|last3=Carr|first3=J. Jeffrey|last4=Eng|first4=John|last5=Gomes|first5=Antoinette S.|last6=Hundley|first6=W. Gregory|last7=Johnson|first7=Craig|last8=Masri|first8=Sofia C.|last9=Prince|first9=Martin R.|last10=van der Geest|first10=Rob J.|last11=Lima|first11=João A.C.|last12=Bluemke|first12=David A.|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging|volume=5|issue=4|year=2012|pages=500–508|issn=1941-9651|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>
 
<gallery mode=packed>
 
File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle infarction.
 
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
==Gross examination of coronary arteries==
 
==Gross examination of coronary arteries==
 
[[File:Coronary vessels, with annotated arteries.svg|thumb]]
 
[[File:Coronary vessels, with annotated arteries.svg|thumb]]
Make longitudinal <font color="red">(or transverse cuts at 3 mm intervals<ref name="MichaudBasso2019">{{cite journal|last1=Michaud|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Basso|first2=Cristina|last3=d’Amati|first3=Giulia|last4=Giordano|first4=Carla|last5=Kholová|first5=Ivana|last6=Preston|first6=Stephen D.|last7=Rizzo|first7=Stefania|last8=Sabatasso|first8=Sara|last9=Sheppard|first9=Mary N.|last10=Vink|first10=Aryan|last11=van der Wal|first11=Allard C.|title=Diagnosis of myocardial infarction at autopsy: AECVP reappraisal in the light of the current clinical classification|journal=Virchows Archiv|year=2019|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-019-02662-1}}
+
To find the right and left coronary arteries, look distally to each corresponding aortic valve cusp.
*This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)</ref>)</font> through:
+
 
 +
Make longitudinal {{Moderate-begin}}(or transverse cuts at 3 mm intervals<ref name="MichaudBasso2019">{{cite journal|last1=Michaud|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Basso|first2=Cristina|last3=d’Amati|first3=Giulia|last4=Giordano|first4=Carla|last5=Kholová|first5=Ivana|last6=Preston|first6=Stephen D.|last7=Rizzo|first7=Stefania|last8=Sabatasso|first8=Sara|last9=Sheppard|first9=Mary N.|last10=Vink|first10=Aryan|last11=van der Wal|first11=Allard C.|title=Diagnosis of myocardial infarction at autopsy: AECVP reappraisal in the light of the current clinical classification|journal=Virchows Archiv|year=2019|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-019-02662-1}}
 +
*This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)</ref>{{Moderate-end}} through:
 
*The right coronary artery.
 
*The right coronary artery.
*<font color="red">(The right marginal artery)</font>
+
*{{Comprehensive-begin}}The right marginal artery{{Comprehensive-end}}
 
*The left coronary and circumflex artery.
 
*The left coronary and circumflex artery.
 
*The left anterior descending artery.
 
*The left anterior descending artery.
*<font color="red">(The left marginal artery)</font>
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*{{Comprehensive-begin}}The left marginal artery{{Comprehensive-end}}
*<font color="red">(The left diagonal branch)</font>
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*{{Comprehensive-begin}}The left diagonal branch{{Comprehensive-end}}
*<font color="green"><nowiki>Any vessel grafts to the heart</nowiki></font>
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*{{Finding-begin}}Any vessel grafts to the heart{{Finding-end}}
 +
 
 +
Examine for atherosclerosis, stenosis and thrombi
 +
 
 +
{{Moderate-begin}}If the coronary arteries are calcified, sharply dissect them from the heart, without cutting too deeply into the muscle. Fix them in formalin, decalcify them and then cut them at 3 mm intervals.{{Moderate-end}}
  
Estimate the percentage of any significant stenosis or occlusion.
+
Estimate the percentage of any significant stenosis or occlusion. {{Further|Arteries|linebreak=no}}
 
<gallery mode=packed>
 
<gallery mode=packed>
 
File:Plaque at different degrees of atherosclerotic stenosis.jpg|Plaque at different percentages of atherosclerotic stenosis.<ref name="MichaudBasso2019"/>
 
File:Plaque at different degrees of atherosclerotic stenosis.jpg|Plaque at different percentages of atherosclerotic stenosis.<ref name="MichaudBasso2019"/>
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<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
File:Histopathology of ruptured intercalated discs.jpg|Ruptured intercalated discs. {{Further|Ruptured intercalated discs|linebreak=no}}
 
File:Histopathology of ruptured intercalated discs.jpg|Ruptured intercalated discs. {{Further|Ruptured intercalated discs|linebreak=no}}
 +
File:Histopathology of mitral valve with myxomatous degeneration, annotated.jpg|Myxomatous degeneration of valves.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
*{{Moderate-begin}}Optionally, also perform a '''[[Heart#Basic_microscopic_screening|General microscopic screening]]'''.{{Moderate-end}}
  
 
==Reporting==
 
==Reporting==
This is en example report. In addition to comprehensiveness, it has the following annotations:
+
This is en example report:
<br><< Decision needed between alternatives separated by / signs >>
 
<br><font color="green"><nowiki>{{Common findings / In case of findings}}</nowiki></font>
 
<br><nowiki>[[Comments]]</nowiki>
 
<br>'''Organs''' or '''important regions''' are in bold in this example for clarity, but does not need to be in an actual report.<br>
 
 
{{Heart autopsy report}}
 
{{Heart autopsy report}}
 
{{Reporting}}
 
{{Reporting}}
 
{{Bottom}}
 
{{Bottom}}

Revision as of 10:06, 28 December 2020

Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]
Autopsy of the heart:

Comprehensiveness

Factors supporting a relatively more comprehensive autopsy and/or report, particularly in the inclusion of negated findings:

  • Lack of explanation from existing evidence. On the other hand, for example, upon finding an obvious aortic rupture, the rest of the autopsy is less relevant and may be relatively short.
  • Double-reading: If your report is likely to undergo double reading by another pathologist before sign-out, it needs to be more detailed, because the doctor who will do the double-reading then knows that you have looked at those locations.
  • Highly suspected locations, such as given from the referral.

On this resource, the following formatting is used for comprehensiveness:

  • Minimal depth
  • (Moderate depth)
  • ((Comprehensive))
Other legend

<< Decision needed between alternatives separated by / signs >>
{{Common findings / In case of findings}}
[[Comments]]
Organs or important regions are in bold in the report example, but does not need to be in an actual report.

Autopsy cutting checklist

edit

  • Remove the parietal pericardium
  • Separate the heart from the from lungs by cutting through the major vessels. The pulmonary artery should be cut first and the lumen inspected for any pulmonary embolism.
  • Weigh the heart.
  • Dissect the coronary vessels. More details in section below. Further information: Arteries
  • On the right side of the heart, dissect in the direction of blood flow: Superior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle. Look for thromboses or patent foramen ovale.[note 2]
  • Dissect the atrial appendages, to exclude thromboses.
  • Dissect the left ventricle, such as into circumferential slices from the apex to the base.[note 3] Inspect (and measure) the left ventricular wall thickness.
Valve circumferences are measured at the basal ring (bottom in image).
  • (Measure the circumferences of the four valves. Cutoffs for valve dilatation:[1]
  • Mitral valve: circumference greater than 9.9 cm in males and 9.1 cm in females
  • Aortic valve: circumference greater than 8.5 cm in males and 7.9 cm in females
  • Tricuspid valve: circumference greater than 11.8 cm in males and 11.1 cm in females
  • Pulmonic valve: circumference greater than 7.5 cm in males and 7.4 cm in females)

In case of suspected infarction, see autopsy of myocardial infarction.

For left ventricular wall thickness, an arbitrary limit of 15 mm is sometimes used to distinguish normal from wall thickening.[notes 1]

Gross examination of coronary arteries

Coronary vessels, with annotated arteries.svg

To find the right and left coronary arteries, look distally to each corresponding aortic valve cusp.

Make longitudinal ((or transverse cuts at 3 mm intervals[2]) through:

  • The right coronary artery.
  • ((The right marginal artery))
  • The left coronary and circumflex artery.
  • The left anterior descending artery.
  • ((The left marginal artery))
  • ((The left diagonal branch))
  • {{Any vessel grafts to the heart}}

Examine for atherosclerosis, stenosis and thrombi

(If the coronary arteries are calcified, sharply dissect them from the heart, without cutting too deeply into the muscle. Fix them in formalin, decalcify them and then cut them at 3 mm intervals.)

Estimate the percentage of any significant stenosis or occlusion. Further information: Arteries

The presence of a totally occlusive thrombotic mass confers a diagnosis of likely sudden cardiac death death even in the absence of microscopically visible necrosis.[2]

Weight

Cardiomegaly can be defined as a weight exceeding the 95th percentile of normal individuals, preferably adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.[3][notes 2]

Weight of heart versus body.[4]

Microscopic examination

Myocardium

Look for:

  • Signs of myocardial infarction:

If one or more is present, see Autopsy of myocardial infarction

  • (Optionally, also look for:)

Reporting

This is en example report: edit
The heart << has normal weight / is enlarged [[ > 399 g in women and> 449 g in men]] >>, weighing ___ g. ((The epicardium is transparent. There is a moderate amount of subepicardial fat.

Normal configuration (No atrial or ventricular dilation. No ventricular wall thickening) / {{The left ventricle has {{concentric}} hypertrophy, with a wall thickness of ___ mm.}} ((No atrial or ventricular dilation. The right and left auricular appendage is unremarkable. The left ventricular wall thickness is __ cm and the right is ___. The trabeculae carneae are normal ({[Finding-begin}}/ prominent /flattened}}.))
[[A comprehensive report may describe each atrium, valve and ventricle etc. in order of blood flow.]]

(Foramen ovale is closed.) ((The ductus arteriosus is obliterated))
The coronary arteries ((arise in normal position. The coronary ostia are << patent {{partially occluded by arteriosclerotic calcification}}>>. They)) have << no / mild / moderate / severe >> {{and partially calcified}}
arteriosclerosis. They are traced, ((throughout their length by transverse sections)) {{after fixation and decalcification}} <<without significant constrictions.{{ / The lumina of the left anterior descending, right coronary, and left circumflex coronary arteries are _%, _%, and _% narrowed, respectively.}} [[If the degree of stenosis on microscopy sections of coronary arteries only differ slightly from the gross description, preferably write "mild/moderate/severe atherosclerosis consistent with the gross inspection."]] (Gross measurement of coronary artery stenosis is generally more accurate than microscopic measurement, so the former generally has precedence.)

No thrombi in the cardiac atria (including auricles), chambers or coronary arteries.

Chordae tendineae, the endocardium and heart valves are unremarkable. (The endocardium is smooth and shiny. Chordae tendineae are unremarkable. The valves are normal in number, and are thin and fine at the openings.) ((The endocardium is smooth, transparent and free of mural thrombi. The valve leaflets and chordae tendinae are overall delicate, pliable and free of lesion or calcification. <<Its leaflets are thin and pliable / No signs of inflammation>>.
  • The tricuspid valve <is / is not> dilated, measuring _cm in circumference.
  • The pulmonic valve <is / is not> dilated, measuring _cm in circumference. It is composed of <<two / three>> cusps which are discrete and pliable.
  • The mitral valve <is / is not> dilated, measuring _cm in circumference. Its leaflets are thin and pliable {{/ redundant / adherent to each other}}.
  • The aortic valve <is / is not> dilated, measuring _ cm in circumference. It is composed of <<two / three>> cusps which are thin and pliable.

{{The cusps are calcified at the bases / adherent to each other.}} {{The valve displays mild / moderate / severe myxomatous degeneration.}} The epicardium and subepicardium are unremarkable. The papillary muscles are normal {{ / hypertrophied}}))

The myocardium has ((a homogeneous reddish brown color, and)) no signs of <<fresh lesion / ((areas of necrosis or hemorrhage))>> (or scar){{/ streaks of white scar tissue}}.

  See also: General notes on reporting


Notes

  1. The limit is different from those measured in life by medical imaging, because the left ventricular thicknesses are generally 3-5 mm thicker at autopsy than during life. In comparison, the average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men on MRI, using the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level.
    - Kawel, Nadine; Turkbey, Evrim B.; Carr, J. Jeffrey; Eng, John; Gomes, Antoinette S.; Hundley, W. Gregory; Johnson, Craig; Masri, Sofia C.; et al. (2012). "Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance ". Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging 5 (4): 500–508. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560. ISSN 1941-9651. 
  2. External link: Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly, adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.
  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.
  2. The right ventricle can alternatively be cut in circumferential slices along with the left ventricle.
  3. An alternative approach is to cut the left ventricle through a cut along the left lateral margin, followed by an anterior cut from the apex to the aortic root, freeing the anterior wall. Then cut through the plane of the myocardium of the anterior and posterior myocardial wall, as well as the septum, for any signs of infarction. (Dissect one or more papillary muscles for infarction.)

Main page

References

  1. Kitzman, Dalane W.; Scholz, David G.; Hagen, Philip T.; Ilstrup, Duane M.; Edwards, William D. (1988). "Age-Related Changes in Normal Human Hearts During the First 10 Decades of Life. Part II (Maturity): A Quantitative Anatomic Study of 765 Specimens From Subjects 20 to 99 Years Old ". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 63 (2): 137–146. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)64946-5. ISSN 00256196. 
    • Griffith, Christopher C.; Raval, Jay S.; Nichols, Larry (2012). "Intravascular Talcosis due to Intravenous Drug Use Is an Underrecognized Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension
    ". Pulmonary Medicine 2012: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2012/617531. ISSN 2090-1836. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Michaud, Katarzyna; Basso, Cristina; d’Amati, Giulia; Giordano, Carla; Kholová, Ivana; Preston, Stephen D.; Rizzo, Stefania; Sabatasso, Sara; et al. (2019). "Diagnosis of myocardial infarction at autopsy: AECVP reappraisal in the light of the current clinical classification ". Virchows Archiv. doi:10.1007/s00428-019-02662-1. ISSN 0945-6317. 
  3. . Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2020-01-15.
  4. Kumar, Neena Theresa; Liestøl, Knut; Løberg, Else Marit; Reims, Henrik Mikael; Mæhlen, Jan (2014). "Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer ". Cardiovascular Pathology 23 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001. ISSN 10548807. 

Image sources