Difference between revisions of "Urinary bladder"

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<noinclude>
==Bladder cancer==
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==Presentations==
The main condition of interest in urinary bladder cytologies and biopsies is bladder cancer.
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*'''[[Urinary tract stone]]'''
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*'''[[Urine cytology]]'''
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*'''Urinary bladder biopsy''', see below:
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</noinclude>
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==Urinary bladder biopsy==
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Usually performed as a ''transuretral resection of the bladder (TURB)''.
  
 
===Gross reporting of transurethral resections===
 
===Gross reporting of transurethral resections===
*Generally submit all material.<ref group=notes>It may be sufficient to submit representative sections that include the muscular layer, if grossly identified. Yet, many departments require submission of the entire specimen regardless, so if unsure, that is the safe choice.</ref>
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*Generally submit '''all''' material. (It may be sufficient to submit representative sections that include the muscular layer, if grossly identified. Yet, many departments require submission of the entire specimen regardless, so if unsure, that is the safe choice.)
*Submit in tea bags or equivalent.<ref>Tissue from transurethral resections are generally very brittle and may escape the openings of a conventional cassette.</ref>
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*If transported or processed together with other cases, put the samples in thin-mesh cassettes or tissue bags to limit contamination.<ref group=note>Urothelial carcinoma is a promiscuous contaminant of other tissues.<br>- {{cite journal| author=Carll T, Fuja C, Antic T, Lastra R, Pytel P| title=Tissue Contamination During Transportation of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Blocks. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 2022 | volume= 158 | issue= 1 | pages= 96-104 | pmid=35195717 | doi=10.1093/ajcp/aqac014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35195717  }} </ref>
  
 
Example report:
 
Example report:
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<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
File:Papillary urothelial carcinoma (low-grade), very high mag.jpg|'''Low grade''': Urothelium is thickened but only slightly atypical and has maintained polarity.
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File:Papillary urothelial carcinoma (low-grade), very high mag.jpg|'''Low grade [[urothelial carcinoma]]''': Urothelium is thickened but only slightly atypical and has maintained polarity.
File:Papillary urothelial carcinoma (high-grade), very high mag.jpg|'''High grade''': Loss of polarity and severe abnormal cytology.
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File:Papillary urothelial carcinoma (high-grade), very high mag.jpg|'''High grade [[urothelial carcinoma]]''': Loss of polarity and severe abnormal cytology.
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File:Histopathology of inverted urothelial papilloma, high magnification.jpg|In contrast, an '''inverted urothelial papilloma''' has smooth surface with minimal to absent exophytic component, is well circumscribed with smooth base, and has no obvious infiltration and no/minimal cytologic atypia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/bladderinvertedpapilloma.html|title=Bladder, ureter & renal pelvis - Urothelial neoplasms - noninvasive - Inverted urothelial papilloma|website=Pathology Outlines|author=Monika Roychowdhury}} Topic Completed: 1 December 2014. Minor changes: 3 December 2020</ref>
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</gallery>
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Other possibilities:
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<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
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File:Histopathology of squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, low magnification.jpg|'''Squamous cell carcinoma''' of the urinary bladder. {{further|Urothelial versus squamous cell carcinoma|linebreak=no}}
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File:Histopathology of radiation cystitis.jpg|'''Radiation cystitis''' with atypical stromal cells (“radiation fibroblasts”), edema and inflammation. Check whether the patient has received radiation before making the diagnosis.
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File:Histopathology of non-specific urothelial edema.jpg|'''Edema''' (clear spaces of both the lamina propria and cytoplasm of multiple urothelial cells), which is non-specific.
 
</gallery>
 
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Latest revision as of 18:32, 13 December 2022

Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Presentations

Urinary bladder biopsy

Usually performed as a transuretral resection of the bladder (TURB).

Gross reporting of transurethral resections

  • Generally submit all material. (It may be sufficient to submit representative sections that include the muscular layer, if grossly identified. Yet, many departments require submission of the entire specimen regardless, so if unsure, that is the safe choice.)
  • If transported or processed together with other cases, put the samples in thin-mesh cassettes or tissue bags to limit contamination.[note 2]

Example report:

Container A. Labeled "bladder tumor". The specimen is received in formalin and consists of multiple fragments of tan-gray, friable soft tissue measuring about __ x __ x __ cm in aggregate. The specimen is entirely submitted for microscopic examination in __ cassettes.

Microscopy

Mainly look for urothelial carcinoma (also called transitional cell carcinoma), which constitutes 95% of bladder cancers.[1]

Other possibilities:

Notes

  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.
  2. Urothelial carcinoma is a promiscuous contaminant of other tissues.
    - Carll T, Fuja C, Antic T, Lastra R, Pytel P (2022). "Tissue Contamination During Transportation of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Blocks. ". Am J Clin Pathol 158 (1): 96-104. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqac014. PMID 35195717. Archived from the original. . 

Main page

References

  1. . Types of Bladder Cancer: TCC & Other Variants. CTCA.
  2. Monika Roychowdhury. Bladder, ureter & renal pelvis - Urothelial neoplasms - noninvasive - Inverted urothelial papilloma. Pathology Outlines. Topic Completed: 1 December 2014. Minor changes: 3 December 2020

Image sources