Difference between revisions of "Breast biopsy or excision"

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Breast specimens should be immersed for 6-72 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://webapps.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/immunohistochemistry/her2_faqs.pdf|title=Recommendations for HER2 Testing in Breast Cancer: ASCO – CAP Clinical Practice Guideline Update|date=2013-10-17|website=College of American Pathologists}}</ref>
  
 
==Gross processing==
 
==Gross processing==

Revision as of 18:59, 26 August 2020

Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Fixation

Generally 10% neutral buffered formalin. Breast specimens should be immersed for 6-72 hours.[1]

Gross processing

Selection and trimming

  • Determine total specimen size. Optionally, determine weight[2]
  • Ink margins.Template:Ink note If sample orientations are marked, use different colors for different directions.[2]
  • Palpate specimen for masses. Compare with radiograph if available[2]
  • Make 3-4 mm thick slices.[2]
  • Submit:[2]
  • Entire specimen if it can fit in 3-5 slices.
  • If larger, 1 slice per cm of tumor (minimum of 3 slices of tumor), including both center and periphery of tumor.
  • Additional suspicious areas, including those indicated by mammography

Breast specimens where breast cancer are possible should generally not be decalcified even when containing small calcifications, to preserve the ability to perform immunohistochemistry.

  See also: General notes on gross processing


Report

  • Size of original tissue sample, preferably in 3 dimensions.
  • Tumor properties, at least:
  • Size in 3 dimensions.[2]
  • Distance from margins[2]
  • Consistency[2]

Staining

Usually H&E staining.

Routine immunohistochemistry usually include estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) and HER2.[3]

Microscopic evaluation

If tumor is found, determine:

  • Tumor size
  • Malignancy
  • Distance from excision margin

Malignancy

The most important is to classify a sample as either of the following:

  • Benign
  • Carcinoma in situ
  • Invasive cancer

Most common types

Women seeking evaluation of a breast lump[4]
Finding Relative
incidence
Histopathology Image
Fibrocystic breast changes 40%
No disease 30%
Fibroadenoma 7% Proliferation of both stromal and epithelial components,[notes 1] arranged into either a pericanalicular pattern (stromal proliferation around epithelial structures), or an intracanalicular pattern (stromal proliferation compressing the epithelial structures into clefts). Fibroadenomas characteristically display hypovascular stroma compared to malignant tumors.[5][6][7] Furthermore, the epithelial proliferation appears in a single terminal ductal unit and has duct-like spaces surrounded by a fibroblastic stroma. The basement membrane is intact.[8] Micrograph of a fibroadenoma.jpg
Atypical ductal hyperplasia 7%[9] Epithelial proliferations which are not qualitatively or quantitatively abnormal enough to be classified as ductal carcinoma in situ.[9] Micrograph of atypical ductal hyperplasia.jpg
Other benign mammary dysplasias and neoplasms 5%
Breast cancer (in situ or invasive) 10% See next section.

Breast cancer types

Breast cancer types, with relative incidences and prognoses.
Cancer type Histopathology Image
Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) Carcinomatous cells are seen below the basement membrane of lactiferous ducts. Otherwise, there are no specific histologic characteristics, essentially making it a diagnosis of exclusion.[10] Histopathology of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.jpg
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Malignant epithelial cells confined to the ductal system of the breast, without invasion through the basement membrane.[11] DCIS - Intraductal carcinoma of the breast.jpg
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) The "classic" pattern is round or ovoid cells with little cytoplasm in a single-file infiltrating pattern, sometimes concentrically giving a targetoid pattern. Classic Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast (6813147194).jpg
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
  • Monomorphic, loosely cohesive, slightly enlarged and evenly spaced cells that fill acini.[12]

Cells have indistinct cell borders, pale cytoplasm, and uniform small nuclei with evenly distributed chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli.[12]

Histopathology of lobular carcinoma in situ.jpg
Mucinous carcinoma Extracellular mucin areas around tumor cells. Histopathology of mucinous invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.jpg
Medullary carcinoma Seemingly fused tumor cells (syncytial pattern), and a prominent lymphoid infiltrate. Histopathology of medullary breast carcinoma.jpg
Solid papillary carcinoma Larger tumor nests with fibrovascular cores. Histopathology of solid papillary carcinoma.jpg
Further information: Evaluation of tumors

Notes

  1. The proliferation of two histological components is called "biplasia", from Latin bis (“twice”) and -plasia (“formation”), or "biphasic proliferation"
  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. . Recommendations for HER2 Testing in Breast Cancer: ASCO – CAP Clinical Practice Guideline Update. College of American Pathologists (2013-10-17).
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Monika Roychowdhury. Grossing (histologic sampling) of breast lesions. Pathologyoutlines.com. Topic Completed: 1 August 2012. Revised: 19 September 2019
  3. "Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptor and HER2 expression in breast carcinomas: comparison of cell block and tissue block preparations ". Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2 (5): 476–80. 2009. PMID 19294006. 
  4. Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 739. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1. 
  5. Tavassoli, F.A., ed (2003). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology & Genetics: Tumours of the breast and female genital organs . Lyon: IARC Press. ISBN 978-92-832-2412-9. 
  6. Jaya Ruth Asirvatham, M.B.B.S., Carlos C. Diez Freire, M.D., Cansu Karakas, M.D., Belinda Lategan, M.D., Nat Pernick, M.D., Emily S. Reisenbichler, M.D., Monika Roychowdhury, M.D., Mary Ann Gimenez Sanders, M.D, Ph.D., Gary Tozbikian, M.D., Hind Warzecha, M.D. Senior Authors: Julie M. Jorns, M.D., Shahla Masood. Breast nonmalignant, Fibroepithelial neoplasms, Fibroadenoma. Retrieved on 2019-11-04. Revised: 31 October 2019
  7. Rosen, PP. (2009). Rosen's Breast Pathology (3rd ed.). ISBN 978-0-7817-7137-5. 
  8. . Fibroadenoma of the breast.
  9. 9.0 9.1 David J. Myers; Andrew L. Walls.. Atypical Breast Hyperplasia. StatPearls, National Center for Biotechnology Information. Last Update: February 15, 2019.
  10. Peter Abdelmessieh. Breast Cancer Histology. Medscape. Retrieved on 2019-10-04. Updated: May 24, 2018
  11. Siziopikou, Kalliopi P. (2013). "Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: Current Concepts and Future Directions ". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 137 (4): 462–466. doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0078-RA. ISSN 0003-9985. 
  12. 12.0 12.1 Sucheta Srivastava. Breast - Noninvasive lobular neoplasia - LCIS classic. Topic Completed: 1 September 2017. Minor changes: 21 June 2020

Image sources