Ductal carcinoma in situ

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Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS):

Comprehensiveness

On this resource, the following formatting is used for comprehensiveness:

  • Minimal depth
  • (Moderate depth)
  • ((Comprehensive))

Gross examination

As per:

or mastectomy.

Microscopic evaluation

DCIS.

Malignant epithelial cells confined to the ductal system of the breast.[1]

Differential diagnoses

Invasive ductal carcinoma
Has invasion through the basement membrane.[1] In uncertain cases, use immunohistochemistry stain for calponin (has the highest sensitivity) and p63 (has the highest specificity).
Atypical ductal hyperplasia

There is no single definite cutoff, but the following are suggested cutoffs defining a ductal carcinoma in situ:[2]

  • Size over 2 mm.
  • Involving more than one duct.
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

When unsure, perform immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin and p120. Both E-cadherin (left image below) and p120 (right) have a membranous staining pattern in ductal carcinoma in situ:

In contrast:

Grading

At least a low/intermediate/high grading (by Van Nuys criteria) as follows:[4]

Low grade DCIS
  • Nuclei 10-15 microns (2-3 times the size of a red blood cell)
  • Nuclei oval, round, regular, evenly dispersed chromatin up to mildly irregular and minimally pleomorphic
  • Nucleoi, if present, are small and indistinct
Intermediate grade DCIS
  • Same nuclear features as low grade
  • Substantial tumor cell (comedo) necrosis is present
High grade DCIS
  • Nuclei >15 microns (over 3 times the size of a red blood cell)
  • Nuclei are pleomorphic with clumped chromatin
  • Nucleoli are prominent, enlarged
  • Necrosis is almost universal and lumenal

(Numerical grading

Use the low/intermediate/high grade to give a numerical grading as follows:[5]

Feature Points
1 2 3
Nuclear grade Low Intermediate High
Glands/papillae >75% 10% - 75% <10%
Mitotic rate (per 10 HPF) <1 1 - 2 >2
Central necrosis <10% 10% - 50% >50%

The points for each feature are added together, giving the following result:[5]

  • 4 - 7 points: Grade 1
  • 8 - 9 points: Grade 2
  • 10 - 12 points: Grade 3

)

Notes

  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Siziopikou, Kalliopi P. (2013). "Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: Current Concepts and Future Directions ". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 137 (4): 462–466. doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0078-RA. ISSN 0003-9985. 
  2. Tozbikian, Gary; Brogi, Edi; Vallejo, Christina E.; Giri, Dilip; Murray, Melissa; Catalano, Jeffrey; Olcese, Cristina; Van Zee, Kimberly J.; et al. (2016). "Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia Bordering on Ductal Carcinoma In Situ ". International Journal of Surgical Pathology 25 (2): 100–107. doi:10.1177/1066896916662154. ISSN 1066-8969. 
  3. Gary Tozbikian, M.D.. Breast - Ductal carcinoma in situ - DCIS. pathologyOutlines. Topic Completed: 20 May 2020. Minor changes: 6 May 2021
  4. . Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast. Stanford Medical School (2020-08-27).
  5. 5.0 5.1 Allred, D. C. (2010). "Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Terminology, Classification, and Natural History ". JNCI Monographs 2010 (41): 134–138. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035. ISSN 1052-6773. 

Image sources