Endometrial cancer

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Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Presentations

Gross processing

Gross pathology of extensive endometrial adenocarcinoma.

A regular hysterectomy grossing is performed, but with the following sampling and additions:[1]

  • 2 longitudinal sections through ecto/endocervix (1 anterior and 1 posterior).
  • 2 longitudinal sections through upper endocervix/lower uterine segment (1 anterior and 1 posterior), contiguous with sections taken from cervix.
  • Tumor:
  • Measure greatest dimension of tumor.
  • If tumor is less than 3 cm, submit entirely.
  • If tumor > 3 cm, submit 1 per cm.
  • Measure tumor thickness (cavity to border of invasion) and entire thickness of the wall (cavity to serosa), at the location of greatest percentage of tumor relative to wall thickness.
  • Include 2 full-thickness sections (1 anterior and 1 posterior), including location with greatest percentage. It may need multiply contiguous sections.
  • Remaining sections can be superficial to include tumor and inner myometrium, such as from lower uterine segment to fundus to maintain orientation.
  • If possible, include 1 section with interface between tumor and normal.
  • Sections of any additional pathology, such as leiomyomas, polyps in their entirety.
  • 1 section of uninvolved endometrium if present.
  • Inspect serosa for implants and submit sections if grossly detected.
  • For serous carcinomas, submit the entire ovary and fallopian tube:
  • Ovary, serially sectioned perpendicular to long axis.
  • SEE-FIM protocol for fallopian tubes:
  • Remove the distal 2 cm (fimbriae) and section it parallel to the long axis.
Section the remainder of the tube transversely at 2-3 mm intervals.
  • For all other cancer types, submit adnexa as follows:
  • 2 representative sections of each ovary.
  • Entire fimbriae (longitudinally sectioned) and 2 representative cross-sections on each side.
  • Size < 2 mm: submit intact.
  • Size > 2 mm: serially section perpendicular to the long axis in 2 mm intervals.
  • If no gross tumor, submit entirely.
  • If grossly positive, submit 1-2 representative sections showing the greatest tumor dimension and extranodal fat.

Microscopic evaluation

Diagnosis

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma

For endometrioid adenocarcinoma, perform grading:[7]

  • Grade 1: ≤5% solid non-glandular, non-squamous growth
  • Grade 2: >5% and ≤50% solid non-glandular, non-squamous growth
  • Grade 3: >50% solid non-glandular, non-squamous growth

Staging

If possible, perform staging by the FIGO system:[9][10]

For biopsies, at least look for myometrial invasion (pictured).
Stage Description
IA Tumor is confined to the uterus with less than half myometrial invasion
IB Tumor is confined to the uterus with more than half myometrial invasion
II Tumor involves the uterus and the cervical stroma
IIIA Tumor invades serosa or adnexa
IIIB Vaginal and/or parametrial involvement
IIIC1 Pelvic lymph node involvement
IIIC2 Para-aortic lymph node involvement, with or without pelvic node involvement
IVA Tumor invades bladder mucosa and/or bowel mucosa
IVB Distant metastases including abdominal metastases and/or inguinal lymph nodes

Microscopy report

Example:

(Endometrium, polypectomy:)
Endometrial adenocarcinoma, endometrioid type, FIGO grade 2, with mucinous differentiation. Carcinoma focally invades myometrial smooth muscle.

Notes

  1. Mucinous endometrioid adenocarcinoma is an altered differentiation / metaplasia with intracytoplasmic mucin (intraluminal mucin pooling does not qualify).
    - Aarti Sharma, M.D., Ricardo R. Lastra, M.D.. Uterus - Carcinoma - Endometrioid carcinoma. PathologyOutlines. Topic Completed: 3 September 2020. Minor changes: 21 September 2020
  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. Nicole Cipriani (2020-06-22). Gross Pathology Manual - Uterus, Endometrial Cancer. The University of Chicago Department of Pathology.
  2. Mendivil, Alberto; Schuler, Kevin M.; Gehrig, Paola A. (2009). "Non-Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Corpus: A Review of Selected Histological Subtypes ". Cancer Control 16 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1177/107327480901600107. ISSN 1073-2748. 
  3. Stewart, Colin J.R.; Crum, Christopher P.; McCluggage, W. Glenn; Park, Kay J.; Rutgers, Joanne K.; Oliva, Esther; Malpica, Anais; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Guidelines to Aid in the Distinction of Endometrial and Endocervical Carcinomas, and the Distinction of Independent Primary Carcinomas of the Endometrium and Adnexa From Metastatic Spread Between These and Other Sites ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S75–S92. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000553. ISSN 0277-1691. 
    - "Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"
  4. Rabban, Joseph T.; Gilks, C. Blake; Malpica, Anais; Matias-Guiu, Xavier; Mittal, Khush; Mutter, George L.; Oliva, Esther; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Issues in the Differential Diagnosis of Uterine Low-grade Endometrioid Carcinoma, Including Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S25–S39. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000512. ISSN 0277-1691. 
  5. Rao, Shalinee; Sundaram, Sandhya; Narasimhan, Raghavan (2009). "Biological behavior of preneoplastic conditions of the endometrium: A retrospective 16-year study in south India ". Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology 30 (4): 131. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.65335. ISSN 0971-5851. 
    - Figure- available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
  6. 6.0 6.1 Rajmohan Murali, M.B.B.S., M.D., F.R.C.P.A., Ben Davidson, M.D., Ph.D., Oluwole Fadare, M.D., Joseph A. Carlson, M.D., Ph.D., Christopher P. Crum, M.D., C. Blake Gilks, M.D., Julie A. Irving, M.D., F.R.C.P.C., Anais Malpica, M.D., Xavier Matias-Guiu, M.D., Ph.D., W. Glenn McCluggage, F.R.C.Path., Khush Mittal, M.D., Esther Oliva, M.D., Vinita Parkash, M.D., Joanne K. L. Rutgers, M.D., Paul N. Staats, M.D., Colin J. R. Stewart, M.D., Carmen Tornos, M.D., and Robert A. Soslow, M.D. (2019). "High-grade Endometrial Carcinomas: Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Features, Diagnostic Challenges and Recommendations. ". Int J Gynecol Pathol 38 Suppl 1: S40-S63. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000491. PMID 30550483. PMC: 6296248. Archived from the original. . 
    - "This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."
  7. Soslow, Robert A.; Tornos, Carmen; Park, Kay J.; Malpica, Anais; Matias-Guiu, Xavier; Oliva, Esther; Parkash, Vinita; Carlson, Joseph; et al. (2019). "Endometrial Carcinoma Diagnosis ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S64–S74. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000518. ISSN 0277-1691. 
  8. Stewart, Colin J.R.; Crum, Christopher P.; McCluggage, W. Glenn; Park, Kay J.; Rutgers, Joanne K.; Oliva, Esther; Malpica, Anais; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Guidelines to Aid in the Distinction of Endometrial and Endocervical Carcinomas, and the Distinction of Independent Primary Carcinomas of the Endometrium and Adnexa From Metastatic Spread Between These and Other Sites ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S75–S92. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000553. ISSN 0277-1691. 
    - "Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"
  9. . Stage Information for Endometrial Cancer. National Cancer Institute (January 1980).
  10. Murray J. Casey; Garth K. Summers; David Crotzer.. Endometrial Cancer. StatPearls, National Center for Biotechnology Information. Last Update: July 13, 2020

Image sources