Difference between revisions of "Hysterectomy"
(→Uterine body: +Cancer) |
m (→Uterine body: Save) |
||
Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
File:Histopathology of uterine leiomyoma.jpg|'''[[Smooth muscle tumor]]''' (usually whorled pattern) | File:Histopathology of uterine leiomyoma.jpg|'''[[Smooth muscle tumor]]''' (usually whorled pattern) | ||
File:Histopathology of complex hyperplasia without atypia.jpg|'''Complex [[endometrial hyperplasia]] without atypia''': Cystically dilated endometrial glands lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=Shalinee|last2=Sundaram|first2=Sandhya|last3=Narasimhan|first3=Raghavan|title=Biological behavior of preneoplastic conditions of the endometrium: A retrospective 16-year study in south India|journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology|volume=30|issue=4|year=2009|pages=131|issn=0971-5851|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.65335}}<br>- [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cystically-dilated-endometrial-glands-lined-by-a-single-layer-of-columnar-epithelium_fig1_46256480 Figure- available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic]</ref> | File:Histopathology of complex hyperplasia without atypia.jpg|'''Complex [[endometrial hyperplasia]] without atypia''': Cystically dilated endometrial glands lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=Shalinee|last2=Sundaram|first2=Sandhya|last3=Narasimhan|first3=Raghavan|title=Biological behavior of preneoplastic conditions of the endometrium: A retrospective 16-year study in south India|journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology|volume=30|issue=4|year=2009|pages=131|issn=0971-5851|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.65335}}<br>- [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cystically-dilated-endometrial-glands-lined-by-a-single-layer-of-columnar-epithelium_fig1_46256480 Figure- available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic]</ref> | ||
+ | File:Histopathology of complex hyperplasia with atypia.jpg|'''Complex [[endometrial hyperplasia]] with atypia''': Closely packed endometrial glands with sparse intervening stroma and stratification of the lining epithelium. Epithelial cells show cytological atypia with high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, irregular clumping of nuclear chromatin, and mitotic figures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=Shalinee|last2=Sundaram|first2=Sandhya|last3=Narasimhan|first3=Raghavan|title=Biological behavior of preneoplastic conditions of the endometrium: A retrospective 16-year study in south India|journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology|volume=30|issue=4|year=2009|pages=131|issn=0971-5851|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.65335}}<br>- [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Closely-packed-endometrial-glands-with-sparse-intervening-stroma-and-stratification-of_fig2_46256480 Figure- available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic]</ref> | ||
File:Histopathology of low-grade (FIGO grade 1) endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma.png|'''[[Endometrial cancer]]''';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Colin J.R.|last2=Crum|first2=Christopher P.|last3=McCluggage|first3=W. Glenn|last4=Park|first4=Kay J.|last5=Rutgers|first5=Joanne K.|last6=Oliva|first6=Esther|last7=Malpica|first7=Anais|last8=Parkash|first8=Vinita|last9=Matias-Guiu|first9=Xavier|last10=Ronnett|first10=Brigitte M.|title=Guidelines to Aid in the Distinction of Endometrial and Endocervical Carcinomas, and the Distinction of Independent Primary Carcinomas of the Endometrium and Adnexa From Metastatic Spread Between These and Other Sites|journal=International Journal of Gynecological Pathology|volume=38|year=2019|pages=S75–S92|issn=0277-1691|doi=10.1097/PGP.0000000000000553}}<br>- "Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"</ref> endometrioid adenocarcinoma, the most common type of endometrial cancer, is shown. Low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma is distinguished from hyperplasia with atypia by the presence of glandular crowding with endometrial stromal exclusion, and significant cribriform, confluent glandular, labyrinthine, papillary/villoglandular, or non-squamous solid architecture.<ref name="RabbanGilks2019">{{cite journal|last1=Rabban|first1=Joseph T.|last2=Gilks|first2=C. Blake|last3=Malpica|first3=Anais|last4=Matias-Guiu|first4=Xavier|last5=Mittal|first5=Khush|last6=Mutter|first6=George L.|last7=Oliva|first7=Esther|last8=Parkash|first8=Vinita|last9=Ronnett|first9=Brigitte M.|last10=Staats|first10=Paul|last11=Stewart|first11=Colin J.R.|last12=McCluggage|first12=W. Glenn|title=Issues in the Differential Diagnosis of Uterine Low-grade Endometrioid Carcinoma, Including Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas|journal=International Journal of Gynecological Pathology|volume=38|year=2019|pages=S25–S39|issn=0277-1691|doi=10.1097/PGP.0000000000000512}}</ref> | File:Histopathology of low-grade (FIGO grade 1) endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma.png|'''[[Endometrial cancer]]''';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Colin J.R.|last2=Crum|first2=Christopher P.|last3=McCluggage|first3=W. Glenn|last4=Park|first4=Kay J.|last5=Rutgers|first5=Joanne K.|last6=Oliva|first6=Esther|last7=Malpica|first7=Anais|last8=Parkash|first8=Vinita|last9=Matias-Guiu|first9=Xavier|last10=Ronnett|first10=Brigitte M.|title=Guidelines to Aid in the Distinction of Endometrial and Endocervical Carcinomas, and the Distinction of Independent Primary Carcinomas of the Endometrium and Adnexa From Metastatic Spread Between These and Other Sites|journal=International Journal of Gynecological Pathology|volume=38|year=2019|pages=S75–S92|issn=0277-1691|doi=10.1097/PGP.0000000000000553}}<br>- "Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"</ref> endometrioid adenocarcinoma, the most common type of endometrial cancer, is shown. Low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma is distinguished from hyperplasia with atypia by the presence of glandular crowding with endometrial stromal exclusion, and significant cribriform, confluent glandular, labyrinthine, papillary/villoglandular, or non-squamous solid architecture.<ref name="RabbanGilks2019">{{cite journal|last1=Rabban|first1=Joseph T.|last2=Gilks|first2=C. Blake|last3=Malpica|first3=Anais|last4=Matias-Guiu|first4=Xavier|last5=Mittal|first5=Khush|last6=Mutter|first6=George L.|last7=Oliva|first7=Esther|last8=Parkash|first8=Vinita|last9=Ronnett|first9=Brigitte M.|last10=Staats|first10=Paul|last11=Stewart|first11=Colin J.R.|last12=McCluggage|first12=W. Glenn|title=Issues in the Differential Diagnosis of Uterine Low-grade Endometrioid Carcinoma, Including Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas|journal=International Journal of Gynecological Pathology|volume=38|year=2019|pages=S25–S39|issn=0277-1691|doi=10.1097/PGP.0000000000000512}}</ref> | ||
− | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Revision as of 14:59, 2 April 2022
Author:
Mikael Häggström [note 1]
Contents
Fixation
Generally 10% neutral buffered formalin. For a freshly received uterus, generally gross it fresh to include either opening it up (small specimen, no suspected malignancy seen) and/or serial sectioning, in order to let the formalin penetrate it properly. Ensure the endometrium is immersed in the formalin (such as having the serosa oriented upwards).
See also: General notes on fixation
Comprehensiveness
On this resource, the following formatting is used for comprehensiveness:
- Minimal depth
- (Moderate depth)
- ((Comprehensive))
- Other legend
<< Decision needed between alternatives separated by / signs >>
{{Common findings / In case of findings}}
[[Comments]]
Link to another page
Gross processing
Gross examination
For orientation:
- The round ligament lies anterior to the tubes and ovaries.[1]
- The peritoneum extends further down along the cervix posteriorly than anteriorly.[2] Its ends bluntly posteriorly and sharply anteriorly.[2]
When received the same day as the surgery, perform the following steps at least to serial sectioning before putting (back) in formalin, preferably with paper towels between slices, so that it fixes properly:[1]
- (Remove the adnexa.[1] Weigh the uterus without the adnexa.)
- Perform a general inspection
- Measure the 3 dimensions, including the cervix. (Also measure the length of the cervix, the maximum diameter of the cervix, and the width of the cervical os.)
- (Ink the surgical margin of the cervix for orientation, such as black on the posterior side.)
- Open the uterus by transmural radial cuts on both sides of the uterine cavity.[notes 1] The cavity is sometimes be squeezed or rolled around a leiomyoma, and you'll you have to improvise and perhaps go around the leiomyoma to open the cavity properly.
- Inspect the mucosa. If any polyps: Further information: Endometrial polyp
If more extensive tumor: Further information: Uterine cavity tumor - Serially section through almost the entire depth of the myometrium at approximately 1 cm intervals, still keeping the specimen together.
- Measure the thickness of the mucosa and myometrium
- Inspect the myometrium. If any tumor: Further information: Smooth muscle tumor
Smooth muscle tumor (in this case leiomyoma).
Gross report
Applicable in bleeding disorders, pain, leiomyoma and endometrial hyperplasia:[1]
Components:[1]
- (Shape of uterus and adnex)
- Measurements
- Mucosa, such as smooth or irregular.
- (Even the absence of) any polyps. Further information: Endometrial polyp
- Mucosal and endometrial thickness. Further information: Endometrial thickening
- (Even the absence of) any smooth muscle tumor. Further information: Smooth muscle tumor
- Example
(A. Labeled - __. The specimen is received in formalin and consists of a resected) uterus with cervix [and bilateral fallopian tubes and ovaries]. The uterus and cervix measure __ ((cm superior to inferior)) x __ ((cm cornu to cornu)) x __ cm ((anterior to posterior,)) and weighs ___ grams. The serosa is [tan-pink and smooth]. The cervix measures ___ cm in diameter and ___ cm in length. The ectocervical mucosa is [tan-pink and smooth] and the cervical os[ is patent] and measures ___ cm in diameter. The specimen is bisected in the coronal plane. The endocervical canal is [patent and displays a tan-pink smooth mucosa]. The endometrial cavity is [triangular] and is lined by[ smooth] endometrium measuring [0.1] cm in average thickness. The myometrium measures up to ___ cm in thickness.[
- It displays __ intramural leiomyomata measuring up to __ cm in greatest diameter. ] The right ovary measures ___ cm and has a [tan-pink and smooth] capsule. Cut sections show [no gross lesions]. The right fallopian tube measures ___ cm in length and ___ cm in average diameter. The serosa [is tan-pink and smooth]. Cut sections reveal a small patent lumen and no gross lesions. The left ovary measures ___ cm and has a [tan-pink and smooth] capsule. Cut sections show [no gross lesions].The left fallopian tube measures ___ cm in length and ___ cm in average diameter. The serosa [is tan-pink and smooth]. Cut sections reveal a small patent lumen and no gross lesions. Representative sections are submitted for microscopic examination in ___ cassettes. |
Slices for microscopy
Applicable in bleeding disorders, pain, leiomyoma and endometrial hyperplasia:[1]
- One, (two - at 6 and 12 o'clock), ((or four)) cross-sections from any accompanying ectocervix/endocervix (aiming to include the transformation zone). In subtotal extirpation, a cross-section is taken from the lower resection border.
- ((A transverse slice through the endocervix, possibly divided into two.))
- Endometrium and myometrium, by one slice from the front and one from the back wall of the corpus.
- {{Any mucosal parts with macroscopically abnormal appearance, including polyps.}}
- {{For any area suspicious for malignancy, submit a full cross-section of the uterine wall that includes the serosa. Use multiple contiguous cassettes if needed.}}
- {{Samples from all smooth muscle tumors >5 cm in diameter.}} Further information: Smooth muscle tumor
A specific sampling scheme is used in: Endometrial thickening
See also:
Microscopic evaluation
Look for signs of malignancy:
- Myometrium tumors: Further information: Smooth muscle tumor
- Polyps: Further information: Endometrial polyp
- Endometrial thickening: Further information: Endometrial thickening
Cervix
Look for cervical dysplasia. It is mainly seen as nuclei with hyperchromasia, coarse chromatin and irregular contours.[4]
Spectrum from normal to high grade SIL.[5]
Further information: Cervical dysplasia
Uterine body
(Determine the type or phase of the endometrium:)
The phases of endometrium through the menstrual cycle:
Secretory endometrium: Prominent glands (G), which have a dilated lumen and an irregular outer border stretching down into the basal compartment. In the luminal (functional) layer immune cells are readily detected (most of these are likely to be macrophages and uterine natural killer (uNK) cells), as are areas of decidualised fibroblasts (DEC) close to arterioles. (H&E stain)
If you want to specify the phase by day, then it's more accurate to state it as days past ovulation where applicable, since the follicular phase may vary substantially.
- Main pathologic findings
Smooth muscle tumor (usually whorled pattern)
Complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia: Cystically dilated endometrial glands lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium.[6]
Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia: Closely packed endometrial glands with sparse intervening stroma and stratification of the lining epithelium. Epithelial cells show cytological atypia with high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, irregular clumping of nuclear chromatin, and mitotic figures.[7]
Endometrial cancer;[8] endometrioid adenocarcinoma, the most common type of endometrial cancer, is shown. Low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma is distinguished from hyperplasia with atypia by the presence of glandular crowding with endometrial stromal exclusion, and significant cribriform, confluent glandular, labyrinthine, papillary/villoglandular, or non-squamous solid architecture.[9]
Microscopy report
Examples of reports in normal cases:[notes 2]
Uterus, cervix, bilateral tubes and ovaries, abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy:
|
Microscopy of hysterectomy shows ecto and endocervix without atypia. The glands have columnar epithelium without atypia.
In the uterine cavity, there is endometrial mucosa with ordinary thickness and regularly arranged endometrial glands. (Optionally: Description of likely menstrual phase.) Sharp delimitation between endometrium and myometrium. The myometrium contains no focal changes. No evidence of malignancy. |
Notes
- ↑
- In the US, the cut goes from side to side, through the cervix and uterine cavity, keeping the anterior and posterior halves attached by a relatively thin connection left at the fundus. It is done by cutting with scissors with the blunt end in the cervix and then uterine cavity, or by a blade guided on each side by the shanks of a pair of forceps inserted through the cervix.
- In Sweden, the uterus is usually opened at the front in the midline, optionally with an incision towards each corner.
- ↑ The first example is used in Connecticut, and the second example is used in Sweden.
- ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.
Main page
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Monica Dahlgren, Janne Malina, Anna Måsbäck, Otto Ljungberg. Stora utskärningen. KVAST (Swedish Society of Pathology). Retrieved on 2019-09-26.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 . General Specimen Orientation Tips. The University of Michigan (2020-01-29).
- ↑ Nicole Cipriani (2020-06-22). Gross Pathology Manual. The University of Chicago Department of Pathology.
- ↑ Khaled J. Alkhateeb, M.B.B.S., Ziyan T. Salih, M.D.. HSIL / CIN II / CIN III. PathologyOutlines. Topic Completed: 29 March 2021. Minor changes: 9 February 2022
- ↑ Source image by Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license
- ↑ Rao, Shalinee; Sundaram, Sandhya; Narasimhan, Raghavan (2009). "Biological behavior of preneoplastic conditions of the endometrium: A retrospective 16-year study in south India
". Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology 30 (4): 131. doi: . ISSN 0971-5851.
- Figure- available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic - ↑ Rao, Shalinee; Sundaram, Sandhya; Narasimhan, Raghavan (2009). "Biological behavior of preneoplastic conditions of the endometrium: A retrospective 16-year study in south India
". Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology 30 (4): 131. doi: . ISSN 0971-5851.
- Figure- available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic - ↑ Stewart, Colin J.R.; Crum, Christopher P.; McCluggage, W. Glenn; Park, Kay J.; Rutgers, Joanne K.; Oliva, Esther; Malpica, Anais; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Guidelines to Aid in the Distinction of Endometrial and Endocervical Carcinomas, and the Distinction of Independent Primary Carcinomas of the Endometrium and Adnexa From Metastatic Spread Between These and Other Sites
". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S75–S92. doi: . ISSN 0277-1691.
- "Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International" - ↑ Rabban, Joseph T.; Gilks, C. Blake; Malpica, Anais; Matias-Guiu, Xavier; Mittal, Khush; Mutter, George L.; Oliva, Esther; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Issues in the Differential Diagnosis of Uterine Low-grade Endometrioid Carcinoma, Including Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S25–S39. doi: . ISSN 0277-1691.
Image sources