Difference between revisions of "Renal tumor"

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==Presentations==
 
==Presentations==
Usually total nephrectomy.<ref name=stora>{{Stora utskärningen}}</ref>
+
Total or partial nephrectomy.
  
 
==Gross processing==
 
==Gross processing==
For orientation, the ureter stump points to the inferior pole.<ref name=stora/>
+
For orientation, the ureter stump points to the inferior pole.<ref name=stora>{{Stora utskärningen}}</ref>
  
 
Components:<ref name=stora/>
 
Components:<ref name=stora/>
Line 33: Line 33:
  
 
==Microscopic evaluation==
 
==Microscopic evaluation==
 +
Main components are:
 +
*Determining the histologic type
 +
*Staging
 +
 +
===Histologic type===
 
Look for the most common tumors:
 
Look for the most common tumors:
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=210>
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=210>
 
File:Renal tumors by relative incidence and prognosis.png
 
File:Renal tumors by relative incidence and prognosis.png
 +
File:Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma with ample hemosiderin.jpg|'''Renal cell carcinomas''' frequently display hemosiderin and small cytoplasmic vacuoles as shown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/kidneytumormalignantrcc.html|title=Kidney tumor - Adult renal cell carcinoma - common - Renal cell carcinoma overview|website=PathologyOutlines}} Topic Completed: 1 April 2017. Minor changes: 15 May 2021</ref>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
Line 41: Line 47:
 
|-
 
|-
 
! [[Clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]
 
! [[Clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]
| Clear cells in nests or solid pattern, delicate branching fibrovascular network || Vimentin, EMA, keratin, CD10, Pax2, RCC, CAIX (circumferential membranous) || [[File:Histopathology of renal clear cell carcinoma.jpg|190px]]
+
| Clear cells in nests or solid pattern, delicate branching fibrovascular network. || Vimentin, EMA, keratin, CD10, Pax2, RCC, CAIX (circumferential membranous) || [[File:Histopathology of renal clear cell carcinoma.jpg|190px]]
 
|-
 
|-
! Papillary renal cell carcinoma, type 1  
+
! [[Papillary renal cell carcinoma]], type 1
| Papillary architecture, small-to-medium-sized cells, foamy macrophages in fibrovascular cores || Vimentin, keratins, CK7, AMACR, RCC || [[File:Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 1.jpg|190px]]
+
| Papillary architecture, small-to-medium-sized cells, foamy macrophages in fibrovascular cores. || Vimentin, keratins, CK7, AMACR, RCC || [[File:Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 1.jpg|190px]]
 
|-
 
|-
! Papillary renal cell carcinoma, type 2  
+
! [[Papillary renal cell carcinoma]], type 2  
| Papillary architecture, medium to large cell, pseudostratified nuclei || Variable || [[File:Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2.jpg|190px]]
+
| Papillary architecture, medium to large cell, pseudostratified nuclei. || Variable || [[File:Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2.jpg|190px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma  
 
! Clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma  
| Clear cells in papillary, solid, or nested pattern, abluminal linear arrangement of nuclei || CA-IX (basolateral membranous), HMWCK || [[File:Histopathology of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma.jpg|190px]]
+
| Clear cells in papillary, solid, or nested pattern, abluminal linear arrangement of nuclei. || CA-IX (basolateral membranous), HMWCK || [[File:Histopathology of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma.jpg|190px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma  
 
! Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma  
| Distinct (vegetable-like) cell borders, raisin-like nuclei with perinuclear halos || Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins, CK7 || [[File:Histopathology of classic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with pale cells.jpg|190px]]
+
| Distinct (vegetable-like) cell borders, raisin-like nuclei with perinuclear halos. || Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins, CK7 || [[File:Histopathology of classic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with pale cells.jpg|190px]]
 +
|-
 +
! Renal cell carcinoma (unclassified/without further specification)
 +
| Contains features not fitting in subtypes. It includes sarcomatoid tumors without recognizable epithelial elements, mucin-producing tumors, and mixtures of epithelial and stromal elements. ||  ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Oncocytoma  
 
! Oncocytoma  
| Small nests of cells, uniform small nuclei || Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins || [[File:Histopathology of renal oncocytoma.jpg|190px]]
+
| Small nests of cells, uniform small nuclei. || Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins || [[File:Histopathology of renal oncocytoma.jpg|190px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Angiomyolipoma  
 
! Angiomyolipoma  
| Classically triphasic with myoid spindle cells, mature adipose tissue (seen in > 90% tumors) and dysmorphic thick walled blood vessels without elastic lamina || HMB-45 (100%), Melan-A (87%) SMA (73%)<ref name="EshebaEsheba2013">{{cite journal|last1=Esheba|first1=Ghada El Sayed|last2=Esheba|first2=Noha El Sayed|title=Angiomyolipoma of the kidney: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study|journal=Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute|volume=25|issue=3|year=2013|pages=125–134|issn=11100362|doi=10.1016/j.jnci.2013.05.002}}</ref>
+
| Classically triphasic with myoid spindle cells, mature adipose tissue (seen in > 90% tumors) and dysmorphic thick walled blood vessels without elastic lamina. || HMB-45 (100%), Melan-A (87%) SMA (73%)<ref name="EshebaEsheba2013">{{cite journal|last1=Esheba|first1=Ghada El Sayed|last2=Esheba|first2=Noha El Sayed|title=Angiomyolipoma of the kidney: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study|journal=Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute|volume=25|issue=3|year=2013|pages=125–134|issn=11100362|doi=10.1016/j.jnci.2013.05.002}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Multilocular cyst  
 
! Multilocular cyst  
Line 68: Line 77:
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Collecting duct carcinoma  
 
! Collecting duct carcinoma  
| Infiltrating high-grade adenocarcinoma centered in the medulla, desmoplastic stroma || EMA, CK7, HMWCK, Pax2, Pax8
+
| Infiltrating high-grade adenocarcinoma centered in the medulla, desmoplastic stroma. || EMA, CK7, HMWCK, Pax2, Pax8
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Microphthalmia Transcription Factor (MITF)- family translocation renal cell carcinoma  
 
! Microphthalmia Transcription Factor (MITF)- family translocation renal cell carcinoma  
| Clear and eosinophilic cells, voluminous cytoplasm, psammomatous calcifications (TFE3)<br>Biphasic tumors (TFEB) || HMB-45, Melan A, Cathepsin K, TFE3/TFEB
+
| Clear and eosinophilic cells, voluminous cytoplasm, psammomatous calcifications (TFE3)<br>Biphasic tumors (TFEB). || HMB-45, Melan A, Cathepsin K, TFE3/TFEB
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma  
 
! Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma  
| Variable, intracystic papillary pattern with prominent hyalinization and usually tubulocystic patterns || Loss of FH (deficient), 2SC
+
| Variable, intracystic papillary pattern with prominent hyalinization and usually tubulocystic patterns. || Loss of FH (deficient), 2SC
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma  
 
! Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma  
| Oncocytic cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles and inclusion-like spaces, neuroendocrine-like chromatin || SDHB loss (deficient)
+
| Oncocytic cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles and inclusion-like spaces, neuroendocrine-like chromatin. || SDHB loss (deficient)
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Renal medullary carcinoma  
 
! Renal medullary carcinoma  
| High-grade adenocarcinoma, inflammatory, myxoid, or desmoplastic stroma, evidence of sickle cell disease/trait || INI-I loss, Oct 3/4 positive
+
| High-grade adenocarcinoma, inflammatory, myxoid, or desmoplastic stroma, evidence of sickle cell disease/trait. || INI-I loss, Oct 3/4 positive
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Staging===
 +
By AJCC 8th edition:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/kidney-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html|title=Kidney Cancer Stages|website=cancer.org}} Last Revised: February 1, 2020</ref><ref name="SwamiNussenzveig2019">{{cite journal|last1=Swami|first1=Umang|last2=Nussenzveig|first2=Roberto H. |last3=Haaland|first3=Benjamin |last4=Agarwal|first4=Neeraj |title=Revisiting AJCC TNM staging for renal cell carcinoma: quest for improvement|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=7|issue=S1|year=2019|pages=S18–S18|issn=23055839|doi=10.21037/atm.2019.01.50}}</ref>
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! Stage !! TNM !! Description
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan=2|
 +
|'''Tx''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor cannot be assessed
 +
|-
 +
|'''T0''', N0, M0
 +
|No evidence of primary tumor
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan=3|I
 +
|'''T1''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor ≤7&nbsp;cm; limited to kidney
 +
|-
 +
|'''T1a''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor ≤4&nbsp;cm; limited to kidney
 +
|-
 +
|'''T1b''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor 4-≤7&nbsp;cm; limited to kidney
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan=3|II
 +
|'''T2''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor >7&nbsp;cm; limited to kidney
 +
|-
 +
|'''T2a''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor 7-≤10&nbsp;cm; limited to kidney
 +
|-
 +
|'''T2b''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor >10&nbsp;cm; limited to kidney
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan=5|III
 +
|'''T3''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor extends to major veins or perinephric tissue but not into ipsilateral adrenal gland nor beyond Gerota's fascia
 +
|-
 +
|'''T3a''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor grossly extends into renal vein or its segmental branches, or tumor invades the pelvicalyceal system, or tumor invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia
 +
|-
 +
|'''T3b''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor grossly extends into vena cava below the diaphragm
 +
|-
 +
|'''T3c''', N0, M0
 +
|Tumor grossly extends into vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava
 +
|-
 +
| '''T1-T3, N1''', M0
 +
| The main tumor can be any size and may be outside the kidney, but it has not spread beyond Gerota’s fascia. The cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes (N1) but has not spread to distant lymph nodes or other organs (M0).
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan=2| IV
 +
|'''T4''', any N, M0
 +
| Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia
 +
|-
 +
| Any T, any N, '''M1'''
 +
| Tumor has spread to distant lymph nodes and/or other organs.
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
==Report==
 
==Report==
The report should include:<ref name=stora/>
+
There should preferably be a free text report and a synoptic report, the free text report including:
 +
*'''Histologic diagnosis'''
 +
*Greatest '''dimension''' (from grossing)
 +
*'''Grade'''
 +
*'''Radicality'''
 +
 
 +
Example:
 +
{|class=wikitable
 +
| Kidney, left, partial nephrectomy:
 +
*Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, 3.2 cm in greatest dimension, ISUP/WHO grade 3.
 +
*Surgical margins are negative for carcinoma.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
The synoptic report should include:<ref name=stora/>
 
*Total or partial nephrectomy
 
*Total or partial nephrectomy
 
*Tumor characteristics:
 
*Tumor characteristics:
*location
+
*In nephrectomy: Location
 
*Size
 
*Size
 
*Relationship to capsule, perinephric tissues, renal pelvis, adrenal gland and hilar blood vessels
 
*Relationship to capsule, perinephric tissues, renal pelvis, adrenal gland and hilar blood vessels

Revision as of 13:58, 15 May 2021

Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Presentations

Total or partial nephrectomy.

Gross processing

For orientation, the ureter stump points to the inferior pole.[1]

Components:[1]

  • Note the appearance of the renal surface
  • Inspect the capsule and pericapsular soft tissue, and possibly an accompanying adrenal gland
  • Measure kidney dimensions (and optionally weight)
  • Identify the surgical margin of the ureteral stump, renal vein and renal artery
  • In cases of a bulging tumor, apply ink to the surface of pericapsular fatty tissue by the tumor.
  • Dissect the ureteral stump
  • Split the kidney in the middle, in the coronal plane. Release the fibrous capsule. Dissect the renal pelvis and calyces. Inspect the parenchyma on cut surfaces.
  • Note and possibly measure the medullary thickness and the width of the renal pelvis
  • Note the appearance of any concretions
  • Note the location and size of the tumor, macroscopic appearance of cut surfaces, delimitation compared to surrounding structures, and relation to the fibrous capsule and perinephric tissues. If the fibrous capsule can be detached from the tumor surface, the inside of the capsule is examined where it was in contact with tumor, in order to detect any tumor overgrowth or breakthrough.

Slices for submission

Including:[1]

  • At least 3-4 pieces from the tumor, showing relationship to surrounding kidney tissue, renal capsule, perinephric tissues, renal pelvis, hilar adipose tissue and blood vessels.
  • Part of the fibrous capsule if being in contact with the tumor (oriented perpendicular to the capsular surface)
  • Margins of ureteral stump, renal vein and renal artery, and from hilus tissue (to detect possible tumor invasion of smaller blood vessels)
  • One slice of normal kidney tissue
  • Any detected lymph nodes in perihilar region
  • At least one slice from any included adrenal gland.
  • In case of cancer in the renal pelvis, at least three slices from the tumor-suspected area, including radicality slices from surrounding normal mucosa, and adjacent peripelvic fatty tissue. Take about 1 piece per cm2 from other parts of the renal pelvis, as well as a piece from the surgical edge of the ureteral stump.

Microscopic evaluation

Main components are:

  • Determining the histologic type
  • Staging

Histologic type

Look for the most common tumors:

Renal carcinoma subtype Characteristic morphology[3] Positive immunohistochemistry[3] Image
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma Clear cells in nests or solid pattern, delicate branching fibrovascular network. Vimentin, EMA, keratin, CD10, Pax2, RCC, CAIX (circumferential membranous) Histopathology of renal clear cell carcinoma.jpg
Papillary renal cell carcinoma, type 1 Papillary architecture, small-to-medium-sized cells, foamy macrophages in fibrovascular cores. Vimentin, keratins, CK7, AMACR, RCC Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 1.jpg
Papillary renal cell carcinoma, type 2 Papillary architecture, medium to large cell, pseudostratified nuclei. Variable Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2.jpg
Clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma Clear cells in papillary, solid, or nested pattern, abluminal linear arrangement of nuclei. CA-IX (basolateral membranous), HMWCK Histopathology of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma.jpg
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma Distinct (vegetable-like) cell borders, raisin-like nuclei with perinuclear halos. Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins, CK7 Histopathology of classic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with pale cells.jpg
Renal cell carcinoma (unclassified/without further specification) Contains features not fitting in subtypes. It includes sarcomatoid tumors without recognizable epithelial elements, mucin-producing tumors, and mixtures of epithelial and stromal elements.
Oncocytoma Small nests of cells, uniform small nuclei. Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins Histopathology of renal oncocytoma.jpg
Angiomyolipoma Classically triphasic with myoid spindle cells, mature adipose tissue (seen in > 90% tumors) and dysmorphic thick walled blood vessels without elastic lamina. HMB-45 (100%), Melan-A (87%) SMA (73%)[4]
Multilocular cyst Encapsulated, non-infiltrating and composed of non-comumnicating cysts filled with clear, straw-colored, or blood-tinged fluid.[5]
Cystic nephroma Cysts lined by simple epithelium with "hobnail morphology", that is, the nuclei of the epithelium bulges into the lumen of the cysts.
Ovarian-like stroma with pindle cell morphology and basophilic cytoplasm.
Histopathology of cystic nephroma.jpg
Collecting duct carcinoma Infiltrating high-grade adenocarcinoma centered in the medulla, desmoplastic stroma. EMA, CK7, HMWCK, Pax2, Pax8
Microphthalmia Transcription Factor (MITF)- family translocation renal cell carcinoma Clear and eosinophilic cells, voluminous cytoplasm, psammomatous calcifications (TFE3)
Biphasic tumors (TFEB).
HMB-45, Melan A, Cathepsin K, TFE3/TFEB
Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma Variable, intracystic papillary pattern with prominent hyalinization and usually tubulocystic patterns. Loss of FH (deficient), 2SC
Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma Oncocytic cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles and inclusion-like spaces, neuroendocrine-like chromatin. SDHB loss (deficient)
Renal medullary carcinoma High-grade adenocarcinoma, inflammatory, myxoid, or desmoplastic stroma, evidence of sickle cell disease/trait. INI-I loss, Oct 3/4 positive

Staging

By AJCC 8th edition:[6][7]

Stage TNM Description
Tx, N0, M0 Tumor cannot be assessed
T0, N0, M0 No evidence of primary tumor
I T1, N0, M0 Tumor ≤7 cm; limited to kidney
T1a, N0, M0 Tumor ≤4 cm; limited to kidney
T1b, N0, M0 Tumor 4-≤7 cm; limited to kidney
II T2, N0, M0 Tumor >7 cm; limited to kidney
T2a, N0, M0 Tumor 7-≤10 cm; limited to kidney
T2b, N0, M0 Tumor >10 cm; limited to kidney
III T3, N0, M0 Tumor extends to major veins or perinephric tissue but not into ipsilateral adrenal gland nor beyond Gerota's fascia
T3a, N0, M0 Tumor grossly extends into renal vein or its segmental branches, or tumor invades the pelvicalyceal system, or tumor invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia
T3b, N0, M0 Tumor grossly extends into vena cava below the diaphragm
T3c, N0, M0 Tumor grossly extends into vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava
T1-T3, N1, M0 The main tumor can be any size and may be outside the kidney, but it has not spread beyond Gerota’s fascia. The cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes (N1) but has not spread to distant lymph nodes or other organs (M0).
IV T4, any N, M0 Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia
Any T, any N, M1 Tumor has spread to distant lymph nodes and/or other organs.

Report

There should preferably be a free text report and a synoptic report, the free text report including:

  • Histologic diagnosis
  • Greatest dimension (from grossing)
  • Grade
  • Radicality

Example:

Kidney, left, partial nephrectomy:
  • Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, 3.2 cm in greatest dimension, ISUP/WHO grade 3.
  • Surgical margins are negative for carcinoma.

The synoptic report should include:[1]

  • Total or partial nephrectomy
  • Tumor characteristics:
  • In nephrectomy: Location
  • Size
  • Relationship to capsule, perinephric tissues, renal pelvis, adrenal gland and hilar blood vessels
  • Histological type
  • Degree of differentiation
  • Radicality
  • Any lymph node metastases

Notes

  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Monica Dahlgren, Janne Malina, Anna Måsbäck, Otto Ljungberg. Stora utskärningen. KVAST (Swedish Society of Pathology). Retrieved on 2019-09-26.
  2. . Kidney tumor - Adult renal cell carcinoma - common - Renal cell carcinoma overview. PathologyOutlines. Topic Completed: 1 April 2017. Minor changes: 15 May 2021
  3. 3.0 3.1 Unless otherwise specified, reference in table is: Sirohi, Deepika; Smith, Steven C.; Agarwal, Neeraj; Maughan, Benjamin L. (2018). "Unclassified renal cell carcinoma: diagnostic difficulties and treatment modalities ". Research and Reports in Urology Volume 10: 205–217. doi:10.2147/RRU.S154932. ISSN 2253-2447. 
  4. Esheba, Ghada El Sayed; Esheba, Noha El Sayed (2013). "Angiomyolipoma of the kidney: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study ". Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute 25 (3): 125–134. doi:10.1016/j.jnci.2013.05.002. ISSN 11100362. 
  5. Banner, MP; Pollack, HM; Chatten, J; Witzleben, C (1981). "Multilocular renal cysts: radiologic-pathologic correlation ". American Journal of Roentgenology 136 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2214/ajr.136.2.239. ISSN 0361-803X. 
  6. . Kidney Cancer Stages. cancer.org. Last Revised: February 1, 2020
  7. Swami, Umang; Nussenzveig, Roberto H.; Haaland, Benjamin; Agarwal, Neeraj (2019). "Revisiting AJCC TNM staging for renal cell carcinoma: quest for improvement ". Annals of Translational Medicine 7 (S1): S18–S18. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.01.50. ISSN 23055839. 

Image sources