Difference between revisions of "Parathyroid glands"
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*'''Weight''' of the parathyroid gland or fragment thereof. Generally, there should ''not'' be any subjective description of "enlarged" or similar.<ref group=note name=weight>The average weight of each parathyroid gland is about 30 mg in men and 35 mg in women,<sup>A</sup> but with a great variability: 90% of normal parathyroid glands weight less than 100g, and 96% less than 160g.<sup>B</sup> Thus, by weight alone, a pathologists generally can't tell whether a parathyroid is enlarged, or whether it is of its normal weight, such as being one of the 4% that are normally over 160g.<br>- A. {{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=S J|title=Best Practice No 183: Examination of parathyroid gland specimens|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|date=1 April 2005|volume=58|issue=4|pages=338–342|doi=10.1136/jcp.2002.002550|pmid=15790694|pmc=1770637}}<br>- B. {{cite journal|last1=Yao|first1=Kathy|last2=Singer|first2=Frederick R.|last3=Roth|first3=Sanford I.|last4=Sassoon|first4=Aaron|last5=Ye|first5=Cynthia|last6=Giuliano|first6=Armando E.|title=Weight of Normal Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Parathyroid Adenomas|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=89|issue=7|year=2004|pages=3208–3213|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jc.2003-031184}} | *'''Weight''' of the parathyroid gland or fragment thereof. Generally, there should ''not'' be any subjective description of "enlarged" or similar.<ref group=note name=weight>The average weight of each parathyroid gland is about 30 mg in men and 35 mg in women,<sup>A</sup> but with a great variability: 90% of normal parathyroid glands weight less than 100g, and 96% less than 160g.<sup>B</sup> Thus, by weight alone, a pathologists generally can't tell whether a parathyroid is enlarged, or whether it is of its normal weight, such as being one of the 4% that are normally over 160g.<br>- A. {{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=S J|title=Best Practice No 183: Examination of parathyroid gland specimens|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|date=1 April 2005|volume=58|issue=4|pages=338–342|doi=10.1136/jcp.2002.002550|pmid=15790694|pmc=1770637}}<br>- B. {{cite journal|last1=Yao|first1=Kathy|last2=Singer|first2=Frederick R.|last3=Roth|first3=Sanford I.|last4=Sassoon|first4=Aaron|last5=Ye|first5=Cynthia|last6=Giuliano|first6=Armando E.|title=Weight of Normal Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Parathyroid Adenomas|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=89|issue=7|year=2004|pages=3208–3213|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jc.2003-031184}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
| − | *'''Presence of parathyroid tissue''' upon frozen section. | + | *'''Presence of parathyroid tissue''' upon frozen section. In particular, exclude sampling from the [[thyroid]]. It is not necessary to specify any particular parathyroid pathology on intraoperative consultation (which in case of hyperparathyroidism relies on imaging and intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels rather than the histopathology)<ref name="pmid30090736">{{cite journal| author=Naik AH, Wani MA, Wani KA, Laway BA, Malik AA, Shah ZA| title=Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in Guiding Adequate Parathyroidectomy. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2018 | volume= 22 | issue= 3 | pages= 410-416 | pmid=30090736 | doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_678_17 | pmc=6063190 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30090736 }}</ref>. |
===Autopsy=== | ===Autopsy=== | ||
Revision as of 12:19, 12 September 2022
Author:
Mikael Häggström [note 1]
Contents
Presentations
Intraoperative consultation
Necessary components are:
- Weight of the parathyroid gland or fragment thereof. Generally, there should not be any subjective description of "enlarged" or similar.[note 2]
- Presence of parathyroid tissue upon frozen section. In particular, exclude sampling from the thyroid. It is not necessary to specify any particular parathyroid pathology on intraoperative consultation (which in case of hyperparathyroidism relies on imaging and intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels rather than the histopathology)[1].
Autopsy
Optionally for a comprehensive autopsy, or where there is suspicion of parathyroid pathology, an effort is made to find the parathyroid glands, and inspect them for general or focal hyper-/neoplasia.
Microscopic evaluation
The main conditions to look for and distinguish are:
- Parathyroid hyperplasia: Typically involves all 4 glands with diffuse enlargement.[2]
- Parathyroid adenoma: Typically nodular growth with compressed rim of normal tissue.[2]
Either is indicated by a decreased amount of intra-gland adipose tissue, and increased weight. A weight of 35-160 mg is above average but not in itself "enlarged" in the absence of other findings.[note 2]
Location and histology of the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid chief cell hyperplasia: An increase in the parenchymal cell mass,as a result of the proliferation of chief cells, oncocytes, and transitional oncocytes in multiple parathyroid glands.[3]
Parathyroid adenoma, with chief cells and eosinophilic follicles
Parathyroid adenoma, fine needle aspiration
Parathyroid venous congestion in circulatory failure.
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Microscopy report
Example for an intraoperative consultation:
| A. Left inferior parathyroid, excision: 24 mg of parathyroid tissue. C. Right superior parathyroid, excision: |
Whenever possible, make a single report for multiple fragments from the same location. Example of final report, including additional fragments from the same locations:
| A,B. Left inferior parathyroid gland, excision: Hypercellular parathyroid gland (121 mg aggregate weight), consistent with parathyroid hyperplasia. C,D. Right superior parathyroid gland, excision: E. Left superior parathyroid gland, excision: F. Right inferior parathyroid gland, excision: |
Normal example in autopsy:
| Sections show <<1, 2, 3, 4>> parathyroid glands with no focal changes or signs of hyperplasia. |
See also
Notes
- ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 The average weight of each parathyroid gland is about 30 mg in men and 35 mg in women,A but with a great variability: 90% of normal parathyroid glands weight less than 100g, and 96% less than 160g.B Thus, by weight alone, a pathologists generally can't tell whether a parathyroid is enlarged, or whether it is of its normal weight, such as being one of the 4% that are normally over 160g.
- A. Johnson, S J (1 April 2005). "Best Practice No 183: Examination of parathyroid gland specimens ". Journal of Clinical Pathology 58 (4): 338–342. doi:. PMID 15790694.
- B. Yao, Kathy; Singer, Frederick R.; Roth, Sanford I.; Sassoon, Aaron; Ye, Cynthia; Giuliano, Armando E. (2004). "Weight of Normal Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Parathyroid Adenomas ". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89 (7): 3208–3213. doi:. ISSN 0021-972X.
Main page
References
- ↑ Naik AH, Wani MA, Wani KA, Laway BA, Malik AA, Shah ZA (2018). "Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in Guiding Adequate Parathyroidectomy. ". Indian J Endocrinol Metab 22 (3): 410-416. doi:. PMID 30090736. PMC: 6063190. Archived from the original. .
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Diana Murro Lin. Thyroid & parathyroid - Parathyroid nonmalignant - Parathyroid adenoma. Pathology Outlines. Topic Completed: 27 October 2020. Minor changes: 2 June 2021.
- ↑ Piciucchi, Sara; Barone, Domenico; Gavelli, Giampaolo; Dubini, Alessandra; Oboldi, Devil; Matteuci, Federica (2012). "Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Imaging to Pathology
". Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 2: 59. doi:. ISSN 2156-7514.
- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Image sources
