Difference between revisions of "Renal tumor"

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==Gross processing==
 
==Gross processing==
For orientation, the ureter stump points to the inferior pole.<ref name=stora/>
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For orientation, the ureter stump points to the inferior pole.<ref name=stora>{{Stora utskärningen}}</ref>
  
 
Components:<ref name=stora/>
 
Components:<ref name=stora/>

Revision as of 19:34, 1 December 2020

Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Presentations

Total or partial nephrectomy.

Gross processing

For orientation, the ureter stump points to the inferior pole.[1]

Components:[1]

  • Note the appearance of the renal surface
  • Inspect the capsule and pericapsular soft tissue, and possibly an accompanying adrenal gland
  • Measure kidney dimensions (and optionally weight)
  • Identify the surgical margin of the ureteral stump, renal vein and renal artery
  • In cases of a bulging tumor, apply ink to the surface of pericapsular fatty tissue by the tumor.
  • Dissect the ureteral stump
  • Split the kidney in the middle, in the coronal plane. Release the fibrous capsule. Dissect the renal pelvis and calyces. Inspect the parenchyma on cut surfaces.
  • Note and possibly measure the medullary thickness and the width of the renal pelvis
  • Note the appearance of any concretions
  • Note the location and size of the tumor, macroscopic appearance of cut surfaces, delimitation compared to surrounding structures, and relation to the fibrous capsule and perinephric tissues. If the fibrous capsule can be detached from the tumor surface, the inside of the capsule is examined where it was in contact with tumor, in order to detect any tumor overgrowth or breakthrough.

Slices for submission

Including:[1]

  • At least 3-4 pieces from the tumor, showing relationship to surrounding kidney tissue, renal capsule, perinephric tissues, renal pelvis, hilar adipose tissue and blood vessels.
  • Part of the fibrous capsule if being in contact with the tumor (oriented perpendicular to the capsular surface)
  • Margins of ureteral stump, renal vein and renal artery, and from hilus tissue (to detect possible tumor invasion of smaller blood vessels)
  • One slice of normal kidney tissue
  • Any detected lymph nodes in perihilar region
  • At least one slice from any included adrenal gland.
  • In case of cancer in the renal pelvis, at least three slices from the tumor-suspected area, including radicality slices from surrounding normal mucosa, and adjacent peripelvic fatty tissue. Take about 1 piece per cm2 from other parts of the renal pelvis, as well as a piece from the surgical edge of the ureteral stump.

Microscopic evaluation

Look for the most common tumors:

Renal carcinoma subtype Characteristic morphology[2] Positive immunohistochemistry[2] Image
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma Clear cells in nests or solid pattern, delicate branching fibrovascular network. Vimentin, EMA, keratin, CD10, Pax2, RCC, CAIX (circumferential membranous) Histopathology of renal clear cell carcinoma.jpg
Papillary renal cell carcinoma, type 1 Papillary architecture, small-to-medium-sized cells, foamy macrophages in fibrovascular cores. Vimentin, keratins, CK7, AMACR, RCC Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 1.jpg
Papillary renal cell carcinoma, type 2 Papillary architecture, medium to large cell, pseudostratified nuclei. Variable Histopathology of papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2.jpg
Clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma Clear cells in papillary, solid, or nested pattern, abluminal linear arrangement of nuclei. CA-IX (basolateral membranous), HMWCK Histopathology of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma.jpg
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma Distinct (vegetable-like) cell borders, raisin-like nuclei with perinuclear halos. Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins, CK7 Histopathology of classic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with pale cells.jpg
Renal cell carcinoma (unclassified/without further specification) Contains features not fitting in subtypes. It includes sarcomatoid tumors without recognizable epithelial elements, mucin-producing tumors, and mixtures of epithelial and stromal elements.
Oncocytoma Small nests of cells, uniform small nuclei. Ksp Cadherin, CD117, EMA, keratins Histopathology of renal oncocytoma.jpg
Angiomyolipoma Classically triphasic with myoid spindle cells, mature adipose tissue (seen in > 90% tumors) and dysmorphic thick walled blood vessels without elastic lamina. HMB-45 (100%), Melan-A (87%) SMA (73%)[3]
Multilocular cyst Encapsulated, non-infiltrating and composed of non-comumnicating cysts filled with clear, straw-colored, or blood-tinged fluid.[4]
Cystic nephroma Cysts lined by simple epithelium with "hobnail morphology", that is, the nuclei of the epithelium bulges into the lumen of the cysts.
Ovarian-like stroma with pindle cell morphology and basophilic cytoplasm.
Histopathology of cystic nephroma.jpg
Collecting duct carcinoma Infiltrating high-grade adenocarcinoma centered in the medulla, desmoplastic stroma. EMA, CK7, HMWCK, Pax2, Pax8
Microphthalmia Transcription Factor (MITF)- family translocation renal cell carcinoma Clear and eosinophilic cells, voluminous cytoplasm, psammomatous calcifications (TFE3)
Biphasic tumors (TFEB).
HMB-45, Melan A, Cathepsin K, TFE3/TFEB
Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma Variable, intracystic papillary pattern with prominent hyalinization and usually tubulocystic patterns. Loss of FH (deficient), 2SC
Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma Oncocytic cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles and inclusion-like spaces, neuroendocrine-like chromatin. SDHB loss (deficient)
Renal medullary carcinoma High-grade adenocarcinoma, inflammatory, myxoid, or desmoplastic stroma, evidence of sickle cell disease/trait. INI-I loss, Oct 3/4 positive

Report

The report should include:[1]

  • Total or partial nephrectomy
  • Tumor characteristics:
  • location
  • Size
  • Relationship to capsule, perinephric tissues, renal pelvis, adrenal gland and hilar blood vessels
  • Histological type
  • Degree of differentiation
  • Radicality
  • Any lymph node metastases

Notes

  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Monica Dahlgren, Janne Malina, Anna Måsbäck, Otto Ljungberg. Stora utskärningen. KVAST (Swedish Society of Pathology). Retrieved on 2019-09-26.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Unless otherwise specified, reference in table is: Sirohi, Deepika; Smith, Steven C.; Agarwal, Neeraj; Maughan, Benjamin L. (2018). "Unclassified renal cell carcinoma: diagnostic difficulties and treatment modalities ". Research and Reports in Urology Volume 10: 205–217. doi:10.2147/RRU.S154932. ISSN 2253-2447. 
  3. Esheba, Ghada El Sayed; Esheba, Noha El Sayed (2013). "Angiomyolipoma of the kidney: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study ". Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute 25 (3): 125–134. doi:10.1016/j.jnci.2013.05.002. ISSN 11100362. 
  4. Banner, MP; Pollack, HM; Chatten, J; Witzleben, C (1981). "Multilocular renal cysts: radiologic-pathologic correlation ". American Journal of Roentgenology 136 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2214/ajr.136.2.239. ISSN 0361-803X. 

Image sources