Thyroid

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Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Presentations

Fixation

Generally 10% neutral buffered formalin. Fix all thyroids at least overnight to avoid artifactual nuclear atypia.[1]

  See also: General notes on fixation


Removal during autopsy

Parathyroid glands (white arrow), next to the thyroid gland.

Sharply dissect the thyroid from the cartilage, starting at the posterior end of each lobe & working forward. Do not cut the isthmus. Try to find parathyroids.

Gross processing of thyroidectomy

  • Weigh.[2] Up to 30 g versus over 30 g grams is an accepted cutoff between normal and increased weight of the thyroid gland.[3]
  • Measure each lobe and isthmus in 3 dimensions, respectively.[2]
  • Ink outer surface,[2] at least if malignancy is suspected.[4]

Serially section the specimen at 3-4mm intervals,[5] such as follows:[2]

  See also: General notes on gross processing


Thyroid cytology

Initially, check for adequacy of the sample. A minimum number of 6 clusters with 10 cells each has been arbitrary established to assume adequacy for a definitive diagnosis.[6] The presence of characteristic cells may still confer a definitive diagnosis, but otherwise, the report will simply state inadequate number of cells.

Microscopic examination

Most common causes of hyperthyroidism by age.[7]

Look primarily for the most commons causes of the presentation at hand, such as hyperthyroidism (see image). Thyroid nodules can broadly be classified into benign versus malignant, where the risk of malignancy per nodule case is higher in younger people (approximately 23% in people aged 20-30 and approximately 13% in those aged >70 y).[8] Benign thyroid nodules are generally either follicular adenoma or Hürthle cell adenoma (approximately 60% and 40% of benign nodules, respectively).[9]

See also

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 Separate coloring allows to distinguish the thyroid margin (continuous with the other lobe) from the peripheral margin (towards soft tissues).
  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. . Gross Pathology Manual By The University of Chicago Department of Pathology. Updated 2-14-19 NAC.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 . Gross Pathology Manual By The University of Chicago Department of Pathology. Updated 2-14-19 NAC.
  3. Shamim, A; Monira, K; Manowara, B; Sabiha, M; Alim, A; Nurunnabi, ASM (1970). "Weight of the Human Thyroid Gland – A Postmortem Study ". Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 9 (1): 44–48. doi:10.3329/bjms.v9i1.5230. ISSN 2076-0299. 
    - In turn citing: Langer P. Discussion about the limit between normal thyroid and goiter: mini review. Endocrine regulations. 1999 March; 33(1): 39-45.
  4. Monica Dahlgren, Janne Malina, Anna Måsbäck, Otto Ljungberg. Stora utskärningen. KVAST (Swedish Society of Pathology). Retrieved on 2019-09-26.
  5. . THYROID. Royal College of pathologists of Australia. Retrieved on 2019-12-17.
  6. Michael, Claire W.; Pang, Yijun; Pu, Robert T.; Hasteh, Farnaz; Griffith, Kent A. (2007). "Cellular adequacy for thyroid aspirates prepared by ThinPrep: How many cells are needed? ". Diagnostic Cytopathology 35 (12): 792–797. doi:10.1002/dc.20768. ISSN 87551039. 
  7. Carlé, Allan; Pedersen, Inge Bülow; Knudsen, Nils; Perrild, Hans; Ovesen, Lars; Rasmussen, Lone Banke; Laurberg, Peter (2011). "Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a population-based study ". European Journal of Endocrinology 164 (5): 801–809. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-1155. ISSN 0804-4643. PMID 21357288. 
  8. Kwong, Norra; Medici, Marco; Angell, Trevor E.; Liu, Xiaoyun; Marqusee, Ellen; Cibas, Edmund S.; Krane, Jeffrey F.; Barletta, Justine A.; et al. (2015). "The Influence of Patient Age on Thyroid Nodule Formation, Multinodularity, and Thyroid Cancer Risk ". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100 (12): 4434–4440. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3100. ISSN 0021-972X. 
  9. Malith, V; Bombil, I; Harran, N; Luvhengo, TE (2018). "Demographic and histological subtypes of Hurthle cell tumours of the thyroid in a South African setting ". South African Journal of Surgery 56 (3): 20–23. doi:10.17159/2078-5151/2018/v56n3a2557. ISSN 00382361. 

Image sources