Endometrial cancer

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Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Presentations

Comprehensiveness

On this resource, the following formatting is used for comprehensiveness:

  • Minimal depth
  • (Moderate depth)
  • ((Comprehensive))

Gross processing

Gross pathology of extensive endometrial adenocarcinoma (endometrioid type).

A regular hysterectomy grossing is performed, but with the following sampling and additions:[1]

  • 2 longitudinal sections through ecto/endocervix (1 anterior and 1 posterior).
  • 2 longitudinal sections through upper endocervix/lower uterine segment (1 anterior and 1 posterior), contiguous with sections taken from cervix.
  • Tumor:
  • Measure greatest dimension of tumor.
  • If tumor is smaller than 3 cm, submit entirely.
  • If tumor is larger than 3 cm, submit 1 per cm.
In order to determine the myometrial invasion, sample the entire distance from the uterine cavity to the serosa. If it doesn't fit into one cassette, take two contiguous slices (as seen on this uterine cross-section) inked at the contiguity so that the glass slides can be apposed to measure tumor invasion.
  • Measure tumor thickness and entire thickness of the wall, at the location of greatest percentage of tumor relative to wall thickness.
  • Include 2 full-thickness sections (1 anterior and 1 posterior) at locations with seemingly greatest invasion. It may need multiple contiguous sections.
  • Remaining sections can be superficial to include tumor and inner myometrium, such as from lower uterine segment to fundus to maintain orientation.
  • If possible, include 1 section with interface between tumor and normal.
  • Sections of any additional pathology, such as leiomyomas, polyps in their entirety.
  • 1 section of uninvolved endometrium if present.
  • Inspect serosa for implants and submit sections if grossly detected.
  • For serous carcinomas, submit the entire ovary and fallopian tube:
  • Ovary, serially sectioned perpendicular to long axis.
  • SEE-FIM protocol for fallopian tubes:
  • Remove the distal 2 cm (fimbriae) and section it parallel to the long axis.
Section the remainder of the tube transversely at 2-3 mm intervals.
  • For all other cancer types, submit adnexa as follows:
  • Ovaries: 2 representative sections of each.
  • Fallopian tubes: Entire fimbriae (longitudinally sectioned) and 2 representative cross-sections on each side.
  • Size smaller than 2 mm: submit intact.
  • Size larger than 2 mm: serially section perpendicular to the long axis in 2 mm intervals.
  • If no gross tumor, submit entirely.
  • If grossly positive, submit 1-2 representative sections showing the greatest tumor dimension and extranodal fat.

Microscopic evaluation

Diagnosis

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma

For endometrioid adenocarcinoma, perform architectural grading:[7]

(Also perform nuclear grading:)

FIGO grading

Perform FIGO grading in case of endometrioid or mucinous carcinomas. FIGO classification is architectural grading as above, but that the presence of grade 3 nuclear atypia in an architectural pattern grade I tumor raises the grade by one point:[9][10]

  • FIGO grade 1: ≤5% solid non-glandular, non-squamous growth
  • FIGO grade 2:
  • >5% and ≤50% solid non-glandular, non-squamous growth
or
  • ≤5% solid non-glandular, non-squamous growth and markedly enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei, with coarse chromatin and distinct nucleoli (in these cases, also consider a serous carcinoma of glandular variant)
  • FIGO grade 3: >50% solid non-glandular, non-squamous growth

Bimodal grading

It is recommended to classify FIGO grade 1 and 2 tumors as low-grade, and grade 3 tumors as high-grade.[9]

Staging

Preferably, stage by both the AJCC TNM system and the FIGO system:[11] The following system is for uterine carcinoma and carcinosarcoma (but a separate staging system is used for sarcomas).

T Category FIGO Stage T Criteria
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 No evidence of primary tumor
T1 I Tumor confined to the corpus uteri, including endocervical glandular involvement
T1a IA Tumor limited to the endometrium or invading less than half the myometrium
T1b IB Tumor invading one half or more of the myometrium
T2 II Tumor invading the stromal connective tissue of the cervix but not extending beyond the uterus. Does NOT include endocervical glandular involvement.
T3 III Tumor involving serosa, adnexa, vagina, or parametrium
T3a IIIA Tumor involving the serosa and/or adnexa (direct extension or metastasis)
T3b IIIB Vaginal involvement (direct extension or metastasis) or parametrial involvement
T4 IVA Tumor invading the bladder mucosa and/or bowel mucosa (bullous edema is not sufficient to classify a tumor as T4)
N Category FIGO Stage N Criteria
NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 No regional lymph node metastasis
N0(i+) Isolated tumor cells in regional lymph node(s) no greater than 0.2 mm
N1 IIIC1 Regional lymph node metastasis to pelvic lymph nodes
N1mi IIIC1 Regional lymph node metastasis (greater than 0.2 mm but not greater than 2.0 mm in diameter) to pelvic lymph nodes
N1a IIIC1 Regional lymph node metastasis (greater than 2.0 mm in diameter) to pelvic lymph nodes
N2 IIIC2 Regional lymph node metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes, with or without positive pelvic lymph nodes
N2mi IIIC2 Regional lymph node metastasis (greater than 0.2 mm but not greater than 2.0 mm in diameter) to para-aortic lymph nodes, with or without positive pelvic lymph nodes
N2a IIIC2 Regional lymph node metastasis (greater than 2.0 mm in diameter) to para-aortic lymph nodes, with or without positive pelvic lymph nodes

The suffix (sn) is added to the N category when metastasis is identified only by sentinel lymph node biopsy.

M Category FIGO Stage M Criteria
M0 No distant metastasis
M1 IVB Distant metastasis (includes metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes, intraperitoneal disease, lung, liver, or bone). (It excludes metastasis to pelvic or para-aortic lymph nodes, vagina, uterine serosa, or adnexa).
AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups
When T is… And N is… And M is… Then the stage group is…
T1 N0 M0 I
T1a N0 M0 IA
T1b N0 M0 IB
T2 N0 M0 II
T3 N0 M0 III
T3a N0 M0 IIIA
T3b N0 M0 IIIB
T1-T3 N1/N1mi/N1a M0 IIIC1
T1-T3 N2/N2mi/N2a M0 IIIC2
T4 Any N M0 IVA
Any T Any N M1 IVB

Further workup

Generally perform the following molecular testing on endometrial carcinomas:[12]

  • Mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH-1, PMS-2, MSH-2 and MSH-6) on all cancer types and grades. If MLH1 is lost, test for MLH1 promotor methylation.
  • ER/PR and p53 for all high grade carcinomas regardless of stage.
  • HER2 on all high grade carcinomas, or only on serous carcinomas, or those that are stage III or IV or recurrent.

For MMR genes, scoring is as follows:[13]

Patterns of p53 expression.png

This image shows different patterns of p53 expression in endometrial cancers on immunohistochemistry, whereof all except wild-type are variably termed abnormal/aberrant/mutation-type and are strongly predictive of an underlying p53 mutation, and correlates with higher grade carcinoma.[14]

  • Wild-type expression, upper left: Variable proportion of tumor cell nuclei staining with variable intensity. This pattern should not be reported as “positive,” because this is ambiguous reporting language.
  • Overexpression, upper right: Showing strong staining in virtually all tumor cell nuclei (as can be compared with the internal control of fibroblasts in the center). There is some cytoplasmic background indicating that this staining is quite strong but this should not be interpreted as abnormal cytoplasmic pattern.
  • Complete absence of expression, lower left. In comparison, there wild-type pattern in normal atrophic glands at 12 and 6 o’clock.
  • Both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression, lower right. This case has similar intensity of the two, whereas stroma and normal endometrial glands show nuclear wild-type pattern.

Microscopy report

Example for a polypectomy:

(Endometrium, polypectomy:)
Endometrial adenocarcinoma, endometrioid type, FIGO grade 2, (nuclear grade 2) with mucinous differentiation. Carcinoma focally invades myometrial smooth muscle.

Example for a hysterectomy:

A. Uterus, cervix, bilateral (fallopian) tubes and ovaries, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy:
  • (Endometrial) endometrioid adenocarcinoma FIGO grade 1, (nuclear grade 2).
  • Carcinoma invades 40% of the myometrial thickness.
  • Involvement of the lower uterine segment is present.
  • Benign cervix
  • Benign (fallopian) tubes and ovaries.
  • See synoptic report {{and comment}}.

B. Left pelvic sentinel lymph nodes, excision:

  • Three ((0/3)) benign lymph nodes(, negative for metastatic carcinoma on H&E and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 stains.)

C. Right pelvic lymph nodes, excision:

  • Two ((0/2)) benign lymph nodes(, negative for metastatic carcinoma.)

For cancers, generally include a synoptic report, such as per College of American Pathologists (CAP) protocols at cap.org/protocols-and-guidelines. Example, following the hysterectomy above:

SYNOPTIC REPORT:
  • Procedure: Total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
  • Tumor Site: Endometrium
  • Tumor Size: 5.3 centimeters (cm)
  • Histologic Type: Endometrioid carcinoma, NOS
  • Histologic Grade: FIGO grade 1
  • Two-Tier Grading System: Low grade (encompassing FIGO 1 and 2)
  • Myometrial Invasion: Present
  • Depth of Myometrial Invasion: 10 mm
  • Myometrial Thickness: 25 mm
  • Percentage of Myometrial Invasion 40%
  • Adenomyosis: Present, uninvolved by carcinoma
  • Uterine serosa involvement: Not identified
  • Lower uterine segment involvement: Present, superficial (non-myoinvasive)
  • Cervical stromal involvement: Not identified
  • Other tissue/organ involvement: Not identified
  • Peritoneal/ascitic fluid: Not submitted / unknown
  • Lymphovascular invasion (LVI): Not identified
  • Margin Status: All margins negative for invasive carcinoma
  • Regional lymph nodes
  • Regional lymph node status: All regional lymph nodes negative for tumor cells
  • Total number of pelvic nodes examined: 5
  • Number of pelvic sentinel nodes examined: 3
  • Total number of para-aortic nodes examined: 0
  • Number of Para-aortic Sentinel Nodes Examined: 0
  • Pathologic Stage Classification (pTNM, AJCC 8th Edition)
  • pT Category: pT1a
  • pN Category: pN0
  • Additional Findings: leiomyomas
Results of immunohistochemical testing for mismatch repair (mmr) proteins, performed on block "A5":
  • MLH-1: Intact nuclear expression
  • PMS-2: Intact nuclear expression
  • MSH-2: Intact nuclear expression
  • SSH-6: Intact nuclear expression

Notes

  1. Mucinous endometrioid adenocarcinoma is an altered differentiation / metaplasia with intracytoplasmic mucin (intraluminal mucin pooling does not qualify).
    - Aarti Sharma, M.D., Ricardo R. Lastra, M.D.. Uterus - Carcinoma - Endometrioid carcinoma. PathologyOutlines. Topic Completed: 3 September 2020. Minor changes: 21 September 2020
  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. Nicole Cipriani (2020-06-22). Gross Pathology Manual - Uterus, Endometrial Cancer. The University of Chicago Department of Pathology.
  2. Mendivil, Alberto; Schuler, Kevin M.; Gehrig, Paola A. (2009). "Non-Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Corpus: A Review of Selected Histological Subtypes ". Cancer Control 16 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1177/107327480901600107. ISSN 1073-2748. 
  3. Stewart, Colin J.R.; Crum, Christopher P.; McCluggage, W. Glenn; Park, Kay J.; Rutgers, Joanne K.; Oliva, Esther; Malpica, Anais; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Guidelines to Aid in the Distinction of Endometrial and Endocervical Carcinomas, and the Distinction of Independent Primary Carcinomas of the Endometrium and Adnexa From Metastatic Spread Between These and Other Sites ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S75–S92. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000553. ISSN 0277-1691. 
    - "Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"
  4. Rabban, Joseph T.; Gilks, C. Blake; Malpica, Anais; Matias-Guiu, Xavier; Mittal, Khush; Mutter, George L.; Oliva, Esther; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Issues in the Differential Diagnosis of Uterine Low-grade Endometrioid Carcinoma, Including Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S25–S39. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000512. ISSN 0277-1691. 
  5. Owings, Richard A.; Quick, Charles M. (2014). "Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia ". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 138 (4): 484–491. doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0709-RA. ISSN 1543-2165. 
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Rajmohan Murali, M.B.B.S., M.D., F.R.C.P.A., Ben Davidson, M.D., Ph.D., Oluwole Fadare, M.D., Joseph A. Carlson, M.D., Ph.D., Christopher P. Crum, M.D., C. Blake Gilks, M.D., Julie A. Irving, M.D., F.R.C.P.C., Anais Malpica, M.D., Xavier Matias-Guiu, M.D., Ph.D., W. Glenn McCluggage, F.R.C.Path., Khush Mittal, M.D., Esther Oliva, M.D., Vinita Parkash, M.D., Joanne K. L. Rutgers, M.D., Paul N. Staats, M.D., Colin J. R. Stewart, M.D., Carmen Tornos, M.D., and Robert A. Soslow, M.D. (2019). "High-grade Endometrial Carcinomas: Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Features, Diagnostic Challenges and Recommendations. ". Int J Gynecol Pathol 38 Suppl 1: S40-S63. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000491. PMID 30550483. PMC: 6296248. Archived from the original. . 
    - "This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."
  7. Soslow, Robert A.; Tornos, Carmen; Park, Kay J.; Malpica, Anais; Matias-Guiu, Xavier; Oliva, Esther; Parkash, Vinita; Carlson, Joseph; et al. (2019). "Endometrial Carcinoma Diagnosis ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S64–S74. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000518. ISSN 0277-1691. 
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Source for nuclear grade criteria:
    - Nofech-Mozes S, Ismiil N, Dubé V, Saad RS, Ghorab Z, Grin A (2012). "Interobserver agreement for endometrial cancer characteristics evaluated on biopsy material. ". Obstet Gynecol Int 2012: 414086. doi:10.1155/2012/414086. PMID 22496699. PMC: 3306930. Archived from the original. . 
  9. 9.0 9.1 World Health Organization. Classification of Tumours Editorial Board; International Agency for Research on Cancer; World Health Organization (2020) (in nl). Female genital tumours . Lyon, France. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9. OCLC 1199943903. 
  10. Malpica A (2016). "How to approach the many faces of endometrioid carcinoma. ". Mod Pathol 29 Suppl 1: S29-44. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2015.142. PMID 26715172. Archived from the original. . 
  11. Amin, Mahul (2017). AJCC cancer staging manual (8 ed.). Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-40617-6. OCLC 961218414. 
    - For access, see the Secrets chapter of Patholines.
    - Copyright note: The AJCC, 8th Ed. is published by a company in Switzerland, and the tables presented therein are Public Domain because they consist of tabular information without literary or artistic innovation, and therefore do not fulfil the inclusion criterion of the Swiss Copyright Act (CopA) which applies to "literary and artistic intellectual creations with individual character" (see Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights (Copyright Act, CopA) of 9 October 1992 (Status as of 1 January 2022)). edit
  12. Practice at Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, New England.
  13. These cutoffs are used for both colorectal and endometrial cancers:
    - Sarode, Venetia R.; Robinson, Linda (2019). "Screening for Lynch Syndrome by Immunohistochemistry of Mismatch Repair Proteins: Significance of Indeterminate Result and Correlation With Mutational Studies ". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 143 (10): 1225–1233. doi:10.5858/arpa.2018-0201-OA. ISSN 0003-9985. 
    - Sarode VR, Robinson L (2019). "Screening for Lynch Syndrome by Immunohistochemistry of Mismatch Repair Proteins: Significance of Indeterminate Result and Correlation With Mutational Studies. ". Arch Pathol Lab Med 143 (10): 1225-1233. doi:10.5858/arpa.2018-0201-OA. PMID 30917047. Archived from the original. . 
    - Lee JHS, Li JJX, Chow C, Chan RCK, Kwan JSH, Lau TS (2021). "Long-Term Survival and Clinicopathological Implications of DNA Mismatch Repair Status in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancers in Hong Kong Chinese Women. ". Biomedicines 9 (10). doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101385. PMID 34680502. PMC: 8533409. Archived from the original. . 
  14. Köbel M, Ronnett BM, Singh N, Soslow RA, Gilks CB, McCluggage WG (2019). "Interpretation of P53 Immunohistochemistry in Endometrial Carcinomas: Toward Increased Reproducibility. ". Int J Gynecol Pathol 38 Suppl 1: S123-S131. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000488. PMID 29517499. PMC: 6127005. Archived from the original. . 
    - "This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0"

Image sources

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Image(s) by: Mikael Häggström, M.D. Public Domain
    - Author info
    - Reusing images
  2. Rajmohan Murali, M.B.B.S., M.D., F.R.C.P.A., Ben Davidson, M.D., Ph.D., Oluwole Fadare, M.D., Joseph A. Carlson, M.D., Ph.D., Christopher P. Crum, M.D., C. Blake Gilks, M.D., Julie A. Irving, M.D., F.R.C.P.C., Anais Malpica, M.D., Xavier Matias-Guiu, M.D., Ph.D., W. Glenn McCluggage, F.R.C.Path., Khush Mittal, M.D., Esther Oliva, M.D., Vinita Parkash, M.D., Joanne K. L. Rutgers, M.D., Paul N. Staats, M.D., Colin J. R. Stewart, M.D., Carmen Tornos, M.D., and Robert A. Soslow, M.D. (2019). "High-grade Endometrial Carcinomas: Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Features, Diagnostic Challenges and Recommendations. ". Int J Gynecol Pathol 38 Suppl 1: S40-S63. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000491. PMID 30550483. PMC: 6296248. Archived from the original. . 
    - "This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."