Hysterectomy

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Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Fixation

Generally 10% neutral buffered formalin. For a freshly received uterus, generally gross it fresh to include either opening it up (small specimen, no suspected malignancy seen) and/or serial sectioning, in order to let the formalin penetrate it properly. Ensure the endometrium is immersed in the formalin (such as having the serosa oriented upwards).

  See also: General notes on fixation


Comprehensiveness

On this resource, the following formatting is used for comprehensiveness:

  • Minimal depth
  • (Moderate depth)
  • ((Comprehensive))
Other legend

<< Decision needed between alternatives separated by / signs >>
{{Common findings / In case of findings}}
[[Comments]]
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Gross processing

Gross examination

For orientation:

  • The round ligament lies anterior to the tubes and ovaries.[1]
  • The peritoneum extends further down along the cervix posteriorly than anteriorly.[2] Its ends bluntly posteriorly and sharply anteriorly.[2]

When received the same day as the surgery, perform the following steps at least to serial sectioning before putting (back) in formalin, preferably with paper towels between slices, so that it fixes properly:[1]

  • (Remove the adnexa.[1] Weigh the uterus without the adnexa.)
  • Perform a general inspection
  • Measure the 3 dimensions, including the cervix. (Also measure the length of the cervix, the maximum diameter of the cervix, and the width of the cervical os.)
  • (Ink the surgical margin of the cervix for orientation, such as black on the posterior side.)
  • Open the uterus by transmural radial cuts on both sides of the uterine cavity.[note 2] The cavity is sometimes be squeezed or rolled around a leiomyoma, and you'll you have to improvise and perhaps go around the leiomyoma to open the cavity properly.
  • Inspect the mucosa. If any polyps: Further information: Endometrial polyp
    If more extensive tumor, gross as per endometrial cancer
  • Serially section through almost the entire depth of the myometrium at approximately 1 cm intervals, still keeping the specimen together.
  • Measure the thickness of the mucosa and myometrium
  • Inspect the myometrium. If any tumor: Further information: Smooth muscle tumor

Gross report

Applicable in bleeding disorders, pain, leiomyoma and endometrial hyperplasia:[1]

Components:[1]

  • (Shape of uterus and adnex)
  • Measurements
  • Mucosa, such as smooth or irregular.
  • (Even the absence of) any polyps. Further information: Endometrial polyp
  • Mucosal and endometrial thickness. Further information: Endometrial thickening
  • (Even the absence of) any smooth muscle tumor. Further information: Smooth muscle tumor
Example
(A. Labeled - __. The specimen is received in formalin and consists of a resected) uterus with cervix [and bilateral fallopian tubes and ovaries]. The uterus and cervix measure __ ((cm superior to inferior)) x __ ((cm cornu to cornu)) x __ cm ((anterior to posterior,)) and weighs ___ grams. The serosa is [tan-pink and smooth]. The cervix measures ___ cm in diameter and ___ cm in length. The ectocervical mucosa is [tan-pink and smooth] and the cervical os[ is patent] and measures ___ cm in diameter. The specimen is bisected in the coronal plane. The endocervical canal is [patent and displays a tan-pink smooth mucosa]. The endometrial cavity is [triangular] and is lined by[ smooth] endometrium measuring [0.1] cm in average thickness. The myometrium measures up to ___ cm in thickness.[

- It displays __ intramural leiomyomata measuring up to __ cm in greatest diameter.

] The right ovary measures ___ cm and has a [tan-pink and smooth] capsule. Cut sections show [no gross lesions]. The right fallopian tube measures ___ cm in length and ___ cm in average diameter. The serosa [is tan-pink and smooth]. Cut sections reveal a small patent lumen and no gross lesions. The left ovary measures ___ cm and has a [tan-pink and smooth] capsule. Cut sections show [no gross lesions].The left fallopian tube measures ___ cm in length and ___ cm in average diameter. The serosa [is tan-pink and smooth]. Cut sections reveal a small patent lumen and no gross lesions. Representative sections are submitted for microscopic examination in ___ cassettes.

Slices for microscopy

Applicable in bleeding disorders, pain, leiomyoma and endometrial hyperplasia:[1]

Submit:[1][3]

  • One, (two - at 6 and 12 o'clock), ((or four)) cross-sections from any accompanying ectocervix/endocervix (aiming to include the transformation zone). In subtotal extirpation, a cross-section is taken from the lower resection border.
  • ((A transverse slice through the endocervix, possibly divided into two.))
  • Endometrium and myometrium, by one slice from the front and one from the back wall of the corpus.
  • {{Any mucosal parts with macroscopically abnormal appearance, including polyps.}}
  • {{For any area suspicious for malignancy, submit a full cross-section of the uterine wall that includes the serosa. Use multiple contiguous cassettes if needed.}}
  • {{Samples from all smooth muscle tumors >5 cm in diameter.}} Further information: Smooth muscle tumor

A specific sampling scheme is used in: Endometrial thickening

See also:

Microscopic evaluation

Look for signs of malignancy:

Cervix

edit
Look for cervical dysplasia. It is mainly seen as nuclei with hyperchromasia, coarse chromatin and irregular contours.[4]

Further information: Cervical dysplasia

edit
Other common findings:

Uterine body

(Determine the type or phase of the endometrium:) edit

In contrast, endocervical mucosa typically consists of mucinous columnar epithelium and mucinous glands. Evaluate this like a cervical biopsy or cervical cone.

The phases of endometrium through the menstrual cycle:

If you want to specify the phase by day, then it's more accurate to state it as days past ovulation where applicable, since the follicular phase may vary substantially.

Main pathologic findings

edit

Microscopy report

Examples of reports:

Normal cases
[note 3]
Uterus, cervix, bilateral tubes and ovaries, abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy:
  • Benign cervix.
  • Benign inactive endometrium.
  • {{Leiomyomata and adenomyosis.}}
  • Benign ovaries.
  • Benign fallopian tubes.
  • Negative for malignancy.
Microscopy of hysterectomy shows ecto and endocervix without atypia. The glands have columnar epithelium without atypia.

In the uterine cavity, there is endometrial mucosa with ordinary thickness and regularly arranged endometrial glands. (Optionally: Description of likely menstrual phase.) Sharp delimitation between endometrium and myometrium. The myometrium contains no focal changes. No evidence of malignancy.

Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia
Uterus, cervix, bilateral tubes and ovaries, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy:
  • Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia; entire endometrial/myometrial junction submitted for microscopic exam.
  • Benign lower uterine segment.
  • Benign bilateral tubes and ovaries.

Notes

  1. For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.
    • In the US, the cut goes from side to side, through the cervix and uterine cavity, keeping the anterior and posterior halves attached by a relatively thin connection left at the fundus. It is done by cutting with scissors with the blunt end in the cervix and then uterine cavity, or by a blade guided on each side by the shanks of a pair of forceps inserted through the cervix.
    • In Sweden, the uterus is usually opened at the front in the midline, optionally with an incision towards each corner.
    It can be done by scissors, or by inserting a probe or forceps to guide a long blade.
  2. The first example is used in Connecticut, and the second example is used in Sweden.

Main page

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Monica Dahlgren, Janne Malina, Anna Måsbäck, Otto Ljungberg. Stora utskärningen. KVAST (Swedish Society of Pathology). Retrieved on 2019-09-26.
  2. 2.0 2.1 . General Specimen Orientation Tips. The University of Michigan (2020-01-29).
  3. Nicole Cipriani (2020-06-22). Gross Pathology Manual. The University of Chicago Department of Pathology.
  4. Khaled J. Alkhateeb, M.B.B.S., Ziyan T. Salih, M.D.. HSIL / CIN II / CIN III. PathologyOutlines. Topic Completed: 29 March 2021. Minor changes: 9 February 2022
  5. Source image by Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license
  6. Anissa Ben Amor.. Cervical Ectropion. StatPearls, National Center for Biotechnology Information. Last Update: November 14, 2021.
    - This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  7. Rao, Shalinee; Sundaram, Sandhya; Narasimhan, Raghavan (2009). "Biological behavior of preneoplastic conditions of the endometrium: A retrospective 16-year study in south India ". Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology 30 (4): 131. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.65335. ISSN 0971-5851. 
    - Figure- available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
  8. Owings, Richard A.; Quick, Charles M. (2014). "Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia ". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 138 (4): 484–491. doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0709-RA. ISSN 1543-2165. 
  9. Stewart, Colin J.R.; Crum, Christopher P.; McCluggage, W. Glenn; Park, Kay J.; Rutgers, Joanne K.; Oliva, Esther; Malpica, Anais; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Guidelines to Aid in the Distinction of Endometrial and Endocervical Carcinomas, and the Distinction of Independent Primary Carcinomas of the Endometrium and Adnexa From Metastatic Spread Between These and Other Sites ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S75–S92. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000553. ISSN 0277-1691. 
    - "Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"
  10. Rabban, Joseph T.; Gilks, C. Blake; Malpica, Anais; Matias-Guiu, Xavier; Mittal, Khush; Mutter, George L.; Oliva, Esther; Parkash, Vinita; et al. (2019). "Issues in the Differential Diagnosis of Uterine Low-grade Endometrioid Carcinoma, Including Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas ". International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38: S25–S39. doi:10.1097/PGP.0000000000000512. ISSN 0277-1691. 

Image sources