Gastroesophageal junction: Difference between revisions

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{{Top
<noinclude>{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
|author2=
}}
}}
{{Endoscopic biopsies}}
{{Endoscopic biopsies}}
{{Comprehensiveness}}
{{Comprehensiveness}}</noinclude>
==Microscopic examination==
==Microscopic examination==
The main findings to look for are:
The main findings to look for are:
*'''[[Intestinalized mucosa]]''' ([[Barret's esophagus]])
*'''[[Barrett's esophagus|Intestinalized mucosa]]''' ([[Barrett's esophagus]])
*(Reflux) '''esophagitis'''.
*(Reflux) '''esophagitis'''.
*'''Gastritis'''. {{Further|Stomach|linebreak=no}}
*'''Gastritis'''. {{Further|Stomach|linebreak=no}}
*'''[[Esophageal adenocarcinoma]]'''
*'''[[Esophageal adenocarcinoma]]'''


===Barret's esophagus===
===Barrett's esophagus===
The main diagnostic sign of Barret's esophagus is the presence of '''goblet cells'''. A true goblet cell should have rounded shape, clear to bluish cytoplasmic mucin, and be randomly scattered.<ref name=PathologyOutlines>{{cite web|url=http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/esophagusBarrettsgeneral.html|title=Esophagus - Premalignant - Barrett esophagus|author=Dipti M. Karamchandani}} Topic Completed: 19 March 2020, Minor changes: 29 June 2020</ref> The mucin usually indents the nucleus.<ref name=PathologyOutlines/>
The main diagnostic sign of Barrett's esophagus is the presence of '''goblet cells'''. A true goblet cell should have rounded shape, clear to bluish cytoplasmic mucin, and be randomly scattered.<ref name=PathologyOutlines-Barrett>{{cite web|url=http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/esophagusBarrettsgeneral.html|title=Esophagus - Premalignant - Barrett esophagus|author=Dipti M. Karamchandani}} Topic Completed: 19 March 2020, Minor changes: 29 June 2020</ref> The mucin usually indents the nucleus.<ref name=PathologyOutlines-Barrett/>
<gallery mode=packed heights=180>
<gallery mode=packed heights=220>
File:Histopathology of Barrett's esophagus, annotated.jpg|Histopathology of '''[[Barrett's esophagus]]''', showing intestinalized epithelium with goblet cells, as opposed to normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the fundus of the stomach. H&E stain.
File:Histopathology of Barrett's esophagus, annotated.jpg|Histopathology of '''[[Barrett's esophagus]]''', showing intestinalized epithelium with goblet cells, as opposed to normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the fundus of the stomach. H&E stain.
File:Histopathology of goblet cells (annotated) and foveolar cells in incomplete Barrett's esophagus.jpg|In '''incomplete''' intestinal metaplasia, there are both foveolar cells and goblet cells, the latter (indicated by arrows) usually having a slightly bluish color compared to the apical cytoplasm of foveolar cells.
File:Histopathology of goblet cells (annotated) and foveolar cells in incomplete Barrett's esophagus.jpg|In '''incomplete''' intestinal metaplasia, there are both foveolar cells and goblet cells, the latter (indicated by arrows) usually having a slightly bluish color compared to the apical cytoplasm of foveolar cells. An occasional but specific sign of goblet cells is crescent shaped nuclei (seen in middle one).
</gallery>
</gallery>


{{further|Barret's esophagus}}
{{further|Barrett's esophagus}}


{{Esophagitis}}
{{Esophagitis}}


===Report===
===Report===
{{Moderate-begin}}Document the presence or absence of junctional mucosa (both squamous and gastric mucosa).{{Moderate-end}}
{{Moderate-begin}}Document the '''type of mucosa''':
*If both gastric and squamous mucosa is present in the same fragment, report as "'''Gastroesophageal junctional mucosa with...'''"
*If not, report the presence of '''squamous''' and/or '''gastric mucosa'''.{{Moderate-end}}


Examples:
Examples:
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
| {{Moderate-begin}}GE junction, biopsy:{{Moderate-end}}<br>Squamous mucosa without significant histopathologic changes.<br>{{Moderate-begin}}Negative for gastric mucosa or intestinalized (Barrett's) mucosa.{{Moderate-end}}
| {{Moderate-begin}}GE junction, biopsy:{{Moderate-end}}<br>Squamous mucosa without significant histopathologic changes.<br>{{Moderate-begin}}Negative for gastric mucosa or intestinalized (Barrett-type) mucosa.{{Moderate-end}}<br>{{Comprehensive-begin}}Negative for dysplasia and malignancy.{{Comprehensive-end}}
|}
|}


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
| {{Moderate-begin}}GE junction, biopsy:{{Moderate-end}}<br>Gastroesophageal junctional mucosa with '''chronic inflammation''' and reactive changes{{Moderate-begin}}, non-specific.<br>Negative for intestinalized (Barrett's) mucosa.{{Moderate-end}}
| {{Moderate-begin}}GE junction, biopsy:{{Moderate-end}}<br>Gastroesophageal junctional mucosa with '''chronic inflammation''' and reactive changes{{Moderate-begin}}, non-specific.<br>Negative for intestinalized (Barrett-type) mucosa.{{Moderate-end}}{{Comprehensive-begin}}, dysplasia, and malignancy{{Comprehensive-end}}.
|}
|}


{{Bottom}}
In case of multiple signs of reflux esophagitis:
{|class=wikitable
| {{Moderate-begin}}GE junction, biopsy:{{Moderate-end}}<br>Gastroesophageal junctional mucosa with changes consistent with '''reflux esophagitis'''.<br>{{Moderate-begin}}Negative for intestinalized (Barrett-type) mucosa{{Moderate-end}}{{Comprehensive-begin}}, dysplasia, and malignancy{{Comprehensive-end}}.
|}
<noinclude>{{Bottom}}</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 12:28, 28 July 2026

Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Endoscopic biopsies   edit
Mostly:

Comprehensiveness

On this resource, the following formatting is used for comprehensiveness:

  • Minimal depth
  • (Moderate depth)
  • ((Comprehensive))

Microscopic examination

The main findings to look for are:

Barrett's esophagus

The main diagnostic sign of Barrett's esophagus is the presence of goblet cells. A true goblet cell should have rounded shape, clear to bluish cytoplasmic mucin, and be randomly scattered.[1] The mucin usually indents the nucleus.[1]

  • Histopathology of Barrett's esophagus, showing intestinalized epithelium with goblet cells, as opposed to normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the fundus of the stomach. H&E stain.
    Histopathology of Barrett's esophagus, showing intestinalized epithelium with goblet cells, as opposed to normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the fundus of the stomach. H&E stain.
  • In incomplete intestinal metaplasia, there are both foveolar cells and goblet cells, the latter (indicated by arrows) usually having a slightly bluish color compared to the apical cytoplasm of foveolar cells. An occasional but specific sign of goblet cells is crescent shaped nuclei (seen in middle one).
    In incomplete intestinal metaplasia, there are both foveolar cells and goblet cells, the latter (indicated by arrows) usually having a slightly bluish color compared to the apical cytoplasm of foveolar cells. An occasional but specific sign of goblet cells is crescent shaped nuclei (seen in middle one).

Further information: Barrett's esophagus

Esophagitis

GE junction with chronic esophagitis, including plasma cells (black arrow), an acute inflammation with neutrophils (white arrow), as well as basal layer hyperplasia (yellow double-headed arrow).

Look for signs of (reflux) esophagitis, mainly:[2]

  • Inflammatory cells, especially when intra-epithelial. Neutrophils confer a diagnosis of acute inflammation, while plasma cells, eosinophils and excess T cells confer a diagnosis of chronic inflammation. In eosinophil-predominant inflammation, also evaluate as suspected eosinophilic esophagitis.
  • Basal cell hyperplasia exceeding 15 - 20% of the epithelial thickness.
  • Stromal papillae reaching upper third of the epithelium.
  • Loss of orientation of superficial epithelial cells.
  • Ballooned squamous cells
  • An intra-epithelial eosinophil (characterized by its bilobed nucleus despite scant visible eosinophilic cytoplasm)
    An intra-epithelial eosinophil (characterized by its bilobed nucleus despite scant visible eosinophilic cytoplasm)

Report

(Document the type of mucosa:

  • If both gastric and squamous mucosa is present in the same fragment, report as "Gastroesophageal junctional mucosa with..."
  • If not, report the presence of squamous and/or gastric mucosa.)

Examples:

(GE junction, biopsy:)
Squamous mucosa without significant histopathologic changes.
(Negative for gastric mucosa or intestinalized (Barrett-type) mucosa.)
((Negative for dysplasia and malignancy.))
(GE junction, biopsy:)
Gastroesophageal junctional mucosa with chronic inflammation and reactive changes(, non-specific.
Negative for intestinalized (Barrett-type) mucosa.)((, dysplasia, and malignancy)).

In case of multiple signs of reflux esophagitis:

(GE junction, biopsy:)
Gastroesophageal junctional mucosa with changes consistent with reflux esophagitis.
(Negative for intestinalized (Barrett-type) mucosa)((, dysplasia, and malignancy)).

Notes

  1. ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dipti M. Karamchandani. Esophagus - Premalignant - Barrett esophagus. Topic Completed: 19 March 2020, Minor changes: 29 June 2020
  2. ↑ Elliot Weisenberg. Esophagus - Esophagitis - Reflux esophagitis / gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pathology Outlines. Topic Completed: 1 October 2012. Minor changes: 8 July 2020

Image sources


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